부 정 사 (Infinitive)
- Uncategorized
- 2006. 7. 8.
부 정 사 (Infinitive)
1. 부정사의 용법
1) 명사적 용법
① To keep early hours is good for health.
② She began to write a letter.
I have nothing to do except to read.
③ All (that) he does is to complain.
④ 의문사 + to 부정사 = 명사구 --------+
| = 의문사 + S + should + Root | what to do
| I don't know where to go. | when to go
| = I don't know where I should go. | how to go
+--------------------------------------+
⑤ He has one aim, to succeed in life.
2) 형용사적 용법
① I have no friend to help me.
② He has no house to live in.
= He has no house in which to live.
= He has no house in which he can live.
③ The rumor proved(to be) true.
3) 부사적 용법
① I have come to see you.
② I am very glad to meet you.
③ He must be mad to do such a thing.
④ He grew up to be a famous poet.
⑤ I should be glad to be (if I could go) with you.
⑥ She is too young to marry.
⑦ To do my best, I could not pass the exam.
= Though I did my best, I could not pass the exam.
☆★ be to 용법 (형용사적 용법 임)
+--------------------------------------------------+
| ① 예정 : be going to, be due to,be scheduled to |
| ② 의무 : must, should, have to |
| ③ 가능 : can, be able to |
| ④ 운명 : be destined to, be doomed to |
| ⑤ 의도 : intend to,want to |
+--------------------------------------------------+
① We are to meet at the office.
② We are to obey the national law.
③ Not a star was to be seen
④ He was never to see his wife.
⑤ Work hard if you are to succeed.
☞ 형용사적 용법을 사용한 문장 전환
He had the kindness to help me. ☞ have + the 추상명사 + to-inf
= He was kind enough to help me.
= He was so kind that he helped me.
= It was very kind of him to help me.
= He kindly helped me
☞ 부사적 용법을 사용한 문장 전환
1) 목적
She came to see you. ☆ to + Root (목적)
= She came (so) that she might see you. = in order to R
= She came for the purpose of seeing you. = so as to R
He works hard not to fail.
= He works hard that he may not fail.
= He works hard lest he should fail.
= He works hard for fear of failing.
2) 결과
♧ She grew up to be a scholar.= She grew up and became a scholar.
♧ He lived to be ninety. = He lived until he was ninety.
☆ He tried hard only to fail.= He tried hard but failed.
◎ Byron left his native land never to return.(= and he never returned)
3) 정도 He is too young to understand it. " 너무 -- 하다 하기에"
= He is so young that he cannot understand it.
2.독립부정사 - 주문과 독립하여 문장 전체 수식 ★☆
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1) to be frank with you (frankly speaking) 솔직히 말하자면. |
| 2) so to speak 소위, 말하자면 ( as it were) |
| 3) strange to say 이상한 말이지만 |
| 4) to make matters worse = to add insult to injury |
| 5) to make a long story short = in short,to say the least of it |
| = in a word. to be brief |
| |
| 6) to begin with 우선, 첫째로 → for one thing |
| to start with in the first place |
| most of all / above all |
| among other things |
| 7) to be sure (=surely) 확실히, 틀림없이 |
| 8) to do one justice --- 을 공평히 말하면 |
| 9) to tell the truth 사실대로 말하면 |
| |
| 10) ① to say nothing of ,② not to mention ,③ not to speak of, |
| ④ let alone ⑤ much [still] more, much [still] less |
| - - - 은 말할 것도 없고 |
| ※ ①②③뒤에는 (동)명사만 옴,④⑤뒤에는 N,A,Ad,V 모두가능 |
| ⑤는 P.59참조 |
| |
| 11) not to say - - 라고 말할 것까지는 없지만 |
| 12) to be sincere 사실을 말하자면 |
| 13) happen to Root = chance to Root 우연히 - - 하다. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
To do her justice, she is a good-natured woman.
The baby can't even walk, let alone run.
cf) I happened to meet him there.
A bad accident happened to that family.
☞ fail to - - : - - 하지 않다 [못하다] (cannot, do not)
never fail to - - : 반드시 - - 하다.
He never fail to write to his mother every week.
3. 부정사의 시제
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 1.단순부정사 - to + Root 술어동사와 같은 시제, 또는 미래 |
| 2.완료부정사 - to + have p.p. 술어동사보다 한 시제 이전 |
| 또는 술어동사 시제까지 완료된 시제 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
1. 단순부정사
He seems to be rich = It seems that he is rich.
He seemed to be rich = It seemed that he was rich.
★
I hope to succeed. = I hope I shall succeed.
I hoped to succeed. = I hoped I should succeed.
2. 완료부정사
He seems to have been rich.
= It seems that he was(or has been) rich.
He seemed to have been rich.
= It seemed that he had been rich.
★★ 과거에 실현되지 못한 소망
★
☞ hope , want, intend, expect, mean, suppose, think, promise - - -
I had hoped to see you yesterday. (소망,의지,기대 - - )
= I hoped to have seen you yesterday.
= I hoped to see you yesterday, but I couldn't.
4. 부정사의 의미상의 주어
+-----------------------------------------+
| 1) 생략 2) for + 목적격 |
| ① 문장의 주어 3) of + 목적격 |
| ② 문장의 목적어 |
+-----------------------------------------+
1. ① He promised that he would buy me a book.
= He promised to buy me a book.
He wants to go with you.
② I ordered the boy to go home.
2. It is possible for him to do the work.
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 3. It is + 사람의 성질,특징 형용사 + of + 목적어 + to-inf.|
| → S(사람) + be + 사람의 성질,특징 형용사 + to - inf |
| ☞ good, fine, bad, kind, cruel, wise, clever, stupid |
| rude, foolish, silly, generous, polite, thoughtful |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
˙ It is very kind of you to say so.
→ You are very kind to say so.
주의 It - - of - to, It - - for - to 구문에서 『of + 의미상의 주어』는
문장의 주어로 될 수 있으나,『for + 의미상의 주어』는 될 수 없고
부정사의 의미상의 목적어만 주어로 될 수 있다.
It is wise of you to do the work.
You are wise to do the work.
The work is wise for you to do.(×)
It is impossible for him to do the work.
He is impossible to do the week.(×)
The work is impossible for him to do.
5. 원형부정사
+-------------------------------+
| 1. 지각동사 + 목적어 + Root |
| 2. 사역동사 + 목적어 + Root | ☞ 지각동사 : see,hear,feel - -
| 3. 관용적 표현 | ☞ 사역동사 : make,have,let,bid- -
+-------------------------------+
1.I saw him cross the street.
2. I made her clean the room.
<주의> 지각(사역)동사의 수동태 문장에서 원형부정사는 to 부정사로 됨.
We heard his steps approach.
→ His steps were heard to approach.
<예제> 위 1, 2 문장을 수동태로 고쳐보자.
3. 관용적 표현 ☆★
+--------------------------------------------+
| ① had better R = may as well + R |
| ② cannot but R = cannot choose but + R |
| ③ would rather A than B (A,B = Root) |
| ④ do nothing but R = only |
+--------------------------------------------+
1) You had better go home and rest.
2) I cannot choose but run away.
3) I would rather die than live in disgrace.
4) She did nothing but cry every day.
6.부정부정사
부정사 앞에 not, never 붙임
cf) She tried not to smile.
She did not try to smile.
7. 대부정사 ; 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위함
I'm sorry if I hurt your feeling.
I don't mean to. ( to hurt your feeling.)
※ 동사 + to - inf [- - 하게 되다]
How did you get to know him ?
How did you come to realize that he was wrong ?
☞ come, get, grow,happen,learn,fail etc + to - inf.
** 감정을 나타내는 형용사 + to 부정사
= to one's 추상명사 「-- 하게도」
* I was surprised to find he gone
= To my surprise, I found her gone.
I was greatly astonished to find him dead.
= To my great astonishment, I found him dead.
1. 부정사의 용법
1) 명사적 용법
① To keep early hours is good for health.
② She began to write a letter.
I have nothing to do except to read.
③ All (that) he does is to complain.
④ 의문사 + to 부정사 = 명사구 --------+
| = 의문사 + S + should + Root | what to do
| I don't know where to go. | when to go
| = I don't know where I should go. | how to go
+--------------------------------------+
⑤ He has one aim, to succeed in life.
2) 형용사적 용법
① I have no friend to help me.
② He has no house to live in.
= He has no house in which to live.
= He has no house in which he can live.
③ The rumor proved(to be) true.
3) 부사적 용법
① I have come to see you.
② I am very glad to meet you.
③ He must be mad to do such a thing.
④ He grew up to be a famous poet.
⑤ I should be glad to be (if I could go) with you.
⑥ She is too young to marry.
⑦ To do my best, I could not pass the exam.
= Though I did my best, I could not pass the exam.
☆★ be to 용법 (형용사적 용법 임)
+--------------------------------------------------+
| ① 예정 : be going to, be due to,be scheduled to |
| ② 의무 : must, should, have to |
| ③ 가능 : can, be able to |
| ④ 운명 : be destined to, be doomed to |
| ⑤ 의도 : intend to,want to |
+--------------------------------------------------+
① We are to meet at the office.
② We are to obey the national law.
③ Not a star was to be seen
④ He was never to see his wife.
⑤ Work hard if you are to succeed.
☞ 형용사적 용법을 사용한 문장 전환
He had the kindness to help me. ☞ have + the 추상명사 + to-inf
= He was kind enough to help me.
= He was so kind that he helped me.
= It was very kind of him to help me.
= He kindly helped me
☞ 부사적 용법을 사용한 문장 전환
1) 목적
She came to see you. ☆ to + Root (목적)
= She came (so) that she might see you. = in order to R
= She came for the purpose of seeing you. = so as to R
He works hard not to fail.
= He works hard that he may not fail.
= He works hard lest he should fail.
= He works hard for fear of failing.
2) 결과
♧ She grew up to be a scholar.= She grew up and became a scholar.
♧ He lived to be ninety. = He lived until he was ninety.
☆ He tried hard only to fail.= He tried hard but failed.
◎ Byron left his native land never to return.(= and he never returned)
3) 정도 He is too young to understand it. " 너무 -- 하다 하기에"
= He is so young that he cannot understand it.
2.독립부정사 - 주문과 독립하여 문장 전체 수식 ★☆
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1) to be frank with you (frankly speaking) 솔직히 말하자면. |
| 2) so to speak 소위, 말하자면 ( as it were) |
| 3) strange to say 이상한 말이지만 |
| 4) to make matters worse = to add insult to injury |
| 5) to make a long story short = in short,to say the least of it |
| = in a word. to be brief |
| |
| 6) to begin with 우선, 첫째로 → for one thing |
| to start with in the first place |
| most of all / above all |
| among other things |
| 7) to be sure (=surely) 확실히, 틀림없이 |
| 8) to do one justice --- 을 공평히 말하면 |
| 9) to tell the truth 사실대로 말하면 |
| |
| 10) ① to say nothing of ,② not to mention ,③ not to speak of, |
| ④ let alone ⑤ much [still] more, much [still] less |
| - - - 은 말할 것도 없고 |
| ※ ①②③뒤에는 (동)명사만 옴,④⑤뒤에는 N,A,Ad,V 모두가능 |
| ⑤는 P.59참조 |
| |
| 11) not to say - - 라고 말할 것까지는 없지만 |
| 12) to be sincere 사실을 말하자면 |
| 13) happen to Root = chance to Root 우연히 - - 하다. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
To do her justice, she is a good-natured woman.
The baby can't even walk, let alone run.
cf) I happened to meet him there.
A bad accident happened to that family.
☞ fail to - - : - - 하지 않다 [못하다] (cannot, do not)
never fail to - - : 반드시 - - 하다.
He never fail to write to his mother every week.
3. 부정사의 시제
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 1.단순부정사 - to + Root 술어동사와 같은 시제, 또는 미래 |
| 2.완료부정사 - to + have p.p. 술어동사보다 한 시제 이전 |
| 또는 술어동사 시제까지 완료된 시제 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
1. 단순부정사
He seems to be rich = It seems that he is rich.
He seemed to be rich = It seemed that he was rich.
★
I hope to succeed. = I hope I shall succeed.
I hoped to succeed. = I hoped I should succeed.
2. 완료부정사
He seems to have been rich.
= It seems that he was(or has been) rich.
He seemed to have been rich.
= It seemed that he had been rich.
★★ 과거에 실현되지 못한 소망
★
☞ hope , want, intend, expect, mean, suppose, think, promise - - -
I had hoped to see you yesterday. (소망,의지,기대 - - )
= I hoped to have seen you yesterday.
= I hoped to see you yesterday, but I couldn't.
4. 부정사의 의미상의 주어
+-----------------------------------------+
| 1) 생략 2) for + 목적격 |
| ① 문장의 주어 3) of + 목적격 |
| ② 문장의 목적어 |
+-----------------------------------------+
1. ① He promised that he would buy me a book.
= He promised to buy me a book.
He wants to go with you.
② I ordered the boy to go home.
2. It is possible for him to do the work.
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 3. It is + 사람의 성질,특징 형용사 + of + 목적어 + to-inf.|
| → S(사람) + be + 사람의 성질,특징 형용사 + to - inf |
| ☞ good, fine, bad, kind, cruel, wise, clever, stupid |
| rude, foolish, silly, generous, polite, thoughtful |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
˙ It is very kind of you to say so.
→ You are very kind to say so.
주의 It - - of - to, It - - for - to 구문에서 『of + 의미상의 주어』는
문장의 주어로 될 수 있으나,『for + 의미상의 주어』는 될 수 없고
부정사의 의미상의 목적어만 주어로 될 수 있다.
It is wise of you to do the work.
You are wise to do the work.
The work is wise for you to do.(×)
It is impossible for him to do the work.
He is impossible to do the week.(×)
The work is impossible for him to do.
5. 원형부정사
+-------------------------------+
| 1. 지각동사 + 목적어 + Root |
| 2. 사역동사 + 목적어 + Root | ☞ 지각동사 : see,hear,feel - -
| 3. 관용적 표현 | ☞ 사역동사 : make,have,let,bid- -
+-------------------------------+
1.I saw him cross the street.
2. I made her clean the room.
<주의> 지각(사역)동사의 수동태 문장에서 원형부정사는 to 부정사로 됨.
We heard his steps approach.
→ His steps were heard to approach.
<예제> 위 1, 2 문장을 수동태로 고쳐보자.
3. 관용적 표현 ☆★
+--------------------------------------------+
| ① had better R = may as well + R |
| ② cannot but R = cannot choose but + R |
| ③ would rather A than B (A,B = Root) |
| ④ do nothing but R = only |
+--------------------------------------------+
1) You had better go home and rest.
2) I cannot choose but run away.
3) I would rather die than live in disgrace.
4) She did nothing but cry every day.
6.부정부정사
부정사 앞에 not, never 붙임
cf) She tried not to smile.
She did not try to smile.
7. 대부정사 ; 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위함
I'm sorry if I hurt your feeling.
I don't mean to. ( to hurt your feeling.)
※ 동사 + to - inf [- - 하게 되다]
How did you get to know him ?
How did you come to realize that he was wrong ?
☞ come, get, grow,happen,learn,fail etc + to - inf.
** 감정을 나타내는 형용사 + to 부정사
= to one's 추상명사 「-- 하게도」
* I was surprised to find he gone
= To my surprise, I found her gone.
I was greatly astonished to find him dead.
= To my great astonishment, I found him dead.