태 (Voice)

태 (Voice)

1. 수동태의 종류
+--------------------------------+
| ① 기본형 : be P.P. |
| ② 진행형 : be being P.P. |
| ③ 완료형 : have been P.P. |
| ④ 명령형 : Let 目 be P.P. | ☞ 조동사 있을시,be,have앞에 조동사 둠
+--------------------------------+
《예제》 수동태로 고치기
① A fireman saved the baby.
→
② She was writing a letter.
→
③ He has finished it.
→
④ Do it at once.
→
⑤ You may eat the cake.
→
2. 주의 해야 할 수동태
[1] 4형식 문장
+------------------------------------------------+
| ·수동태 2개 가능 (대부분) |
| ·간목이 보류 목적어 일때 전치사를 앞에 둠 |
| to : give,send,show,teach,throw (원칙) |
| for : make,buy,build |
| of : ask |
+------------------------------------------------+
1. He threw me a stone. →
2. He bought me the book.
→
3. I asked her many questions.
→
☞ 간접목적어를 수동태의 주어로 할 수 없는 동사
buy,make,order,bring,sell,send,write,pass etc
◇ We wrote him a long letter.
→ A long letter was written (to) him.
→ He was written a long letter. (어색한 표현)
◇ He bought me a watch.
→ A watch was bought (for) me.
→ I was bought a watch. (×)
[2] 5형식 : 목적어만을 수동태 주어로 한다
He made his son a dentist.
→ His son was made a dentist by him.( )
→ A dentist was made his son by him.( )
[3] 지각동사,사역동사의 목적보어가 원형일때
+-------------------------------------------+
| S + 지각/사역V + O + Root |
| → S + be + 지각/사역V + to - Root |
| |
| ☞ 사역동사 중 make,bid만 수동태 있음. |
| · let → be allowed to |
| ·have → be got to |
+-------------------------------------------+
1. I saw the old man cross the street.
→
2. I made her wash the dishes.
→
3. I heard her sing a song.
→
4. He let me do it.
→
5. I could not have him confess his fault.
→
[4] 의문문 수동태
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① 의문사 없는 수동태 → Be + S + P.P. - - ? |
| ② 의문사 있는 수동태 |
| · 의문사가 주어인 경우 → by + 의문사 + be + S + P.P. - ? |
| · 의문사가 주어가 아닌 경우 → 의문사 + be + S + P.P. -- ? |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
1. What does he do ?
→
2. Who is reading the Bible ?
→
3. What did he make ?
→
4. What made her so happy ?
→

[5] 목적어가 명사절 일때
+------------------------------------------------------+
| ① 가주어 it를 세운다 |
| ② that 절 속의 주어를 수동태 주어로 한다 |
| that 절은 주어가 없으므로 구(to-inf)로 고친다. |
| ☞ S + say,know,believe,expect + that -clause |
| think,hope,feel,fear |
+------------------------------------------------------+
♧ They say that he is rich.
S V O
→ That he is rich is said (by them)
↙
→ It is said that he is rich.
→ He is said to be rich

☞ 주의 :that 절의 시제가 주절보다 앞서면 완료부정사
⊙ People believe that he was honest.
→ It is
→ He is
[6] 동사구의 수동태
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| ˚동사구를 하나의 타동사로 생각 |
| ˚'타동사 + O + 전치사 = 타동사구'에서 |
| 목적어 앞에 little,much,no, any,good등의 형용사가 |
| 오면 수동태의 주어가 될수 있음. |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
˚We cannot rely on his words.
→
˚You must take good care of the children.
→ The children
→ Good
+-------------------------------------------------+
| take care of lookdown upon |
| take charge of take advantage of |
| pay a visit to pay attention to |
| make use of look at |
| look for call on |
| smile at depend upon |
| run over turn to |
+-------------------------------------------------+

[7] 부정명령문 수동태
+---------------------------+
| Let + O + not + be + P.P. |
| Don't let + O + be + P.P. |
+---------------------------+

˚ Don't forget it.
→
→


[8] By 이외의 전치사를 사용하는 수동태
+-----------------------------------------+
| at : 희비/분노/경악 |
| with : 만족/불만족/곤란 |
| in : 흥미/실망 |
| into : 변화 기타 : to,from등 |
+-----------------------------------------+
ⓐ He was surprised ________ the news.
ⓑ I am satisfied ______ the result.
ⓒ She was interested _______ the subject.

ⓓ Glass is made ______ bottle.
ⓔ Desks are made ______ wood. ( )
ⓕ Wine is made _______ grapes. ( )
ⓖ Grapes are made _______ wine.

ⓗ He was caught ______ a shower.
ⓘ He was caught ______ a policeman.

ⓙ A man is known ____ the company he keeps.
ⓚ A tree is known ___ its fruits. ( - -에 의해서)
ⓛ The poet is known ____ everyone. ( - - 에게)
ⓜ The town is known _____ its hot spring. ( - - 때문에)
ⓝ She is known _______ a great singer. ( - - 로서(자격))
ⓞ He was married ____ her.
ⓟ He was killed ____ a robber.
ⓠ He was killed _____ a sword.
ⓡ I am tired ______ waiting for her. (싫증나다)
ⓢ I am tired ______ walking.(지쳤다)

3.수동태의 용법과 종류
[1]동작수동태와 상태수동태
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ① get,grow,become + P.P. : 동작강조{- - 되어지다} |
| ② lie,stand,remain + P.P.: 상태강조{- -되어져 있다}|
| ③ be + P.P. : 문맥에 따라 동작 또는 상태 |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
= 비교=
I became acquainted with him. I am acquainted with him.
(친해졌다) (알고 있다)
She got used to that work. She was used to that work.
(익숙해 졌다) (익숙해져 있다)
※ 동작과 상태를 구별하시오.
① The shop is closed at five everyday. ( )
The shop is closed today. ( )
② The gate is painted every year. ( )
The gate is painted red. ( )
③ He was buried yesterday.( )
He is buried at Westerminster. ( )
※ His letter is well written by him.
→
Someone has broken the window.
→
☞ 주의 : 수동태는 원칙적으로 능동태와 시제가 일치하지만
상태 수동태에서는 그렇지 않은 경우가 있다.
결과의 현재완료 능동태 ↔ 현재수동태(현재상태)
[2]형식은 능동,내용은 수동인 구문
+--------------------------------------------------+
| ˚His new novel sells well. (= is sold) |
| ˚Velvet feels smooth. (= is felt) |
| ˚The book is printing.(= is being printed) |
| ˚The blanket washes well.(is washed) |
| ☞ sell,feel,read,print,wash,fire,build,cook |
+--------------------------------------------------+
[3] 형식은 수동, 내용은 능동인 구문
+-------------------------------------+
| * 특히 감정을 나타내는 말 |
| ˚I was satisfied with the result. |
| ˚He was surprised at the news. |
+-------------------------------------+
[4] 수동태로 쓸수 없는 동사
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| have let(허락v) resemble meet cost(비용이 들다) |
| become,suit(어울리다) lack (부족v) escape(모면v) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
˚ He resembles his father.
→ His father is resembled by him.(×)
˚ This blue dress becomes her.
→ She is become by this blue dress.(×)
˚ We can't let you smoke here.
→ You can't be let to smoke here.(×)
→ You can't be allowed to smoke here.(○)

[5]능동주어가 부정일때
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| by no one (×) |
| ① N0 one - - → no |
| - - no 명사 not - - by anybody (○) |
| never anyone (○) |
| |
| ② - - no + 명사 - - → No + 명사 - - by + 명사 |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
☞ by 뒤에 부정의미를 가진 단어 안씀.
* Nobody solved this problem.
→
* Nobody likes her.
→

[6]재귀대명사가 목적어인 경우
+----------------------------------------+
| 재귀대명사는 수동태의 주격으로 바뀜 |
| by + 목적어 생략 |
+----------------------------------------+
* She seated herself behind me.
→

☆☆ have [get] + O + P.P. "시키다" "당하다"
He had his purse stolen.
He had his hair cut.