부정사
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- 2006. 7. 13.
① 주어로 쓰이는 경우 : To learn English is very easy.
= It is very easy to learn English.
② 목적어로 쓰이는 경우 : I want to read this book
◇ 의문사 + to 부정사가 명사구의 역할.- 동사의 목적어.
* I don't know what to do.
where to go.
when to do it.
whom to go with.
③ 명사보어로 쓰이는 경우
* To see is to believe
④ 동격으로 쓰이는 경우
* He has one aim, to make money.
2. 형용사적 용법 : To + R 이 문장 안에서 명사를 수식(한정적 용법)하거나 서술(서술적 용법,be to 용법)함
① 한정적 용법 : 명사 뒤에서 수식.
* I have no friend to help me.
◇ 전치사 + 관계 대명사 + to 부정사가 명사를 수식.
* I have no house in which to live.
= I have no house to live in.
* I have got letters to write.( 써야 할 편지 )
* I want something to write on. ( 쓸 것-종이 등-)
* I want something to write with. ( 쓸 도구-펜 등-)
② 서술적 용법 : be + to 부정사가 같은 형태로 쓰이나 문장 안에서 주격보어(형용사 보어)로 쓰이며 각기 뜻을 달리하여
사용되며 예정, 의무, 가능, 의도, 운명 등을 나타냄.
* 예정 : We are to meet at the post office.
* 의무 : You are to finish it by six.
* 가능 : No one was to be seen on the street.
(주로 수동태, 부정문, 의문문에서 사용 됨)
* 의도 : If you are to succeed, you must work hard.
(If절 안에서의 to be는 주로 intend to의 뜻으로 쓰임)
* 운명 : He was never to see his home again.
3. 부사적 용법 : to + 동사 원형이 문장 안에서 부사적 기능을 하며 목적, 결과, 원인, 조건, 양보,
이유.판단의 근거, 정도 등을 나타냄.
① 목적
* He works hard | that | he | may | may pass the examination. |
* He works hard | to | pass the examination. |
* He works hard | for the purpose of | pass the examination. |
◇ 전치사 다음은 항시 명사나 동명사가 온다. (전치사 다음은 전치사의 목적어가 와야하며 목적어는
명사나 동명사만이 가능하기 때문이다.)
◇ 복문을 단문으로 고치는 방법
ⓐ 접속사 that의 생략.
ⓑ 주절의 주어와 종속절의 주어가 같으면 생략.
ⓒ 조동사 생략.
ⓓ to를 사용하여 부정사 구문으로 고침.
* She kept quiet so that she might not disturb her father.
= She kept quiet so as not to disturb her father.
(부정사의 부정은 부정어를 to 앞에 둔다)
= She kept quiet lest she should disturb her father.
(lest ∼ should 구문, lest 다음은 절의 형태를 취함)
= She kept quiet for fear of disturbing her father.
(for fear of ∼ing, of가 전치사. for fear (that)의 형태는 절을 취함)
② 결과 : 주로 무의지 동사인 awake, live, grow up 다음은 결과를 나타냄
* He awoke to find himself famous.
* He tried to rise, but it was useless.
= He tried to rise only to fail.
= He tried in vain(vainly) to rise.
◇ so that ∼, 과 so ∼ that.
ⓐ so that∼: 목적, 결과(therefor, and so), 조건(if only, so long as)
㉠ 목적
* He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.
= He got up early so as to be in time for the train.
㉡ 결과
* A great storm arose, so that the ship were wrecked.
㉢조건
* Any book will do, so that it is interesting.
ⓑ so ∼ that (so that 이하가 결과 부사절)
* He got up so early that he was in time for the train.
= He got up so early as to be in time for the train.
③ 원인 : 감정을 나타내는 동사나 형용사 다음의 부정사는 원인을 나타냄.
감정 동사 : smile, weep, grieve.
감정 형용사: glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised.
* I was surprised to find her gone.
= To my surprised, I found her gone.
◇ to one's + 추상 명사 (결과를 나타냄, ∼하게도)
④ 조건
* I should be glad to go with you.
= I should be very glad if I could go with you.
* I should be very happy to be of any service to you.
= I should be very glad if I could be of any service to you.
⑤ 양보
* To do his best, he could not succeed in it.
= Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it.
⑥ 이유, 판단의 근거
* must be
cannot be + to 부정사
감탄문
* He must be honest to say so.
* How foolish I was to trust him.
⑦ 정도
◇ 타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본 주어로 고칠 수 있다.
* It is not good to drink this water.
= This water is not good to drink (vt.의 목적어)
* It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed.
= This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (pre.의 목적어)
⑧ 독립 부정사 : 문장 전체를 수식하므로 부사적 용법에 해당
* To tell the truth, I don't like your sister
(To do him justice, so to speak, to begin with, strange to say,
To make a long story short, To be sure, not to speak of,
To make matters worse)
4. 부정사의 시제
① 형태
◇ 단순 부정사 : to + 동사 원형 (본동사의 시제와 일치)
완료 부정사 : to + have + p.p (본동사보다 하나 더 과거)
* He seems to be ill.
= He seems that he is ill.
* He seems to have been ill.
= He seems that he was(has been) ill.
② * It seems that + s + v --> s + seems + to 부정사.
appears appears
* It happens that + s+ v --> s + happens + to 부정사.
chances chances
* It seems that he studied hard.
= He seems to study hard.
* It appears that he was rich.
= He appears to have been rich.
* It happened that we were on the same bus.
= We happened to be on the same bus.
5. 부정사의 미래 표시
(미래 동사 + to 부정사 : 부정사의 시제가 본동사보다 하나 더 미래)
미래 동사: want, intend, expect, wish, hope, be likely, be sure.
* I hope to see him
= I hope that I shall see him.
* I hoped to see him.
= I hoped that I shall see him.
* It is likely that he will win.
= He is likely to win.
( It is likely that ∼ , 사람 주어 + be likely to∼)
6. 과거에 이루지 못한 소망
◇ 형식 : s + had + 미래 동사의 p.p + that ∼
had + 미래 동사의 p.p + 단순 부정사
미래 동사의 과거형 + 완료 부정사.
* I hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped that I should see her yesterday.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망했음. 만났는지 만나지 못했는지는 표현되지 않음)
* I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.
= I had hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped to have seen her yesterday.
= I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망했으나 만나지를 못함)
7. 의미상의 주어
◇ 부정사의 의미상의 주어는 원칙적으로 for + 목적격을 씀.
* I think it difficult that he should solve the problem.
= I think it difficult for him to solve the problem.
◇ 부정사가 사람의 성질이나 특징을 나타내는 형용사 (good, fine, bad, kind, unkind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish,
silly, polite, thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude, careful, generous.....) 다음에 올 때는 of + 목적격을 쓴다.
* It is very kind of you to say so.
= You are very kind to say so.
= How kind (it is) of you to say so.
◇ of + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본 주어로 고칠 수가 있다.
for + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본 주어로 고칠 수가 없다.
(단, for + 목적격일지라도 타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본 주어로 고칠 수가 있다)
◇ 의미상의 주어가 본 주어와 같을 땐 생략한다.
* I expect to succeed.
= I expect that I shall succeed.
◇ 의미상의 주어가 문장 전체의 목적어와 일치 할 땐 전치사를 생략한다.
* I expect (for) him to succeed.
= I expect that he will succeed.
8. 사람을 주어로 할 수 없는 형용사.
: convenient, necessary, difficult, important, impossible, possible, pleasant, easy, dangerous 등의 형용사와
a pity와 같은 명사는 원칙적으로 사람을 주어로 할 수가 없다. 그러나 사람 주어가 부정사의 타동사나 전치사의
목적어에서 온 경우엔 가능하다.
* It is easy for Tom to master English.
= English is easy for Tom to master. (○) → 타동사의 목적어
= Tom is easy to master English. (×) → 목적격
* It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that.
= He is cruel to beat the dog like that.(of + 목적격에서는 가능)
* It is possible for me to solve the problem.
= I am possible to solve the problem. (×)
* It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river.
= This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. (○) → 전치사의목적어
= She is dangerous to bathe in this river. (×)
* It is difficult to please him.
= He is difficult to please.
◇ difficult는 사람을 주어로 할 수 없으나 him이 타동사의 목적어이므로 가능
◇ unable, incapable, be sorry 등은 It을 주어로 할 수 없다.
* It is sorry for me to hear of your father's death.(×)
= I am sorry to hear of your father's death. (○)
9. 부정사의 의미.
: 부정사는 동명사에 비해 "미래적", " 구체적", "가상적"인 성질을 갖는다.
① 미래적 성질.
* Mary remembers to go. (In:미래성-->갈 것)
* Mary remembers going. (G:과거성-->간 것)
② 구체적 성질.
* To swim is better exercise than to row for older people.
(수영에 대한 구체성, 운동 효과 등등...)
* Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people.
(수영에 대한 일반적인 견해)
③ 가상적 성질.
* John likes Mary to stay at home.
(Mary가 집에 있다는 사실 여부는 표현되지 않음)
* John likes Mary staying at home.
(Mary가 집에 있음)
◇ 이러한 의미적 성질을 중심으로 부정사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취할 수 밖에 없는 동사들이 있다.
◇ 주로 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine, refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise......
◇ 주로 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit, escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off......
* He decided to leave school.
→ He decided leaving school. (×)
→ He decided on leaving school. (○)
* He gave up drinking and smoking.
◇ 부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사.
ⓐ like, hate, love, dread, intend + 부정사 : 사실성의 언급이 없음.(I like her to sing)
동명사 : 사실성이 표현됨. ( I like her singing )
ⓑ forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate, acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit....
+ 부정사 : 미래성 (I remember to post the letter),부칠 것.
+ 동명사: 과거성 (I remember posting the letter),부친 것.
ⓒ stop + 부정사 : 부정사의 부사적 용법.(I stoped to smoke)
+ 동명사 : stop의 목적어. (I stoped smoking)
ⓓ try + 부정사 : 노력하다. (Mary tries to write a book)
동명사 : 시험삼아해보다 (Mary tries writing a book)
ⓔ go on + 부정사 : 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
동명사 : 계속해서 --하다.
* He went on to talk about his accident.
* He went on talking about his accident.
10. 원형 부정사 : 지각 동사나 사역 동사 다음엔 to가 생략되고 동사 원형만이 오는데 이를 원형 부정사라 한다.
① 지각 동사 또는 사역 동사 + 목적어 + 원형 부정사.
* 지각 동사 : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, look at, listen to..........
* 사역 동사 : make, let, have, bid, help(to도 가능)
* I saw him enter the room.
* I made him write a letter of apology.
= He was made to write a letter of apology by him.
(능동태에서의 원형부정사가 수동태로 고쳐지면 다시 to가 되살아난다)
* He let Betty use his dictionary.
= Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him.
② get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + 목적어 + to부정사
◇ 열거한 동사는 사역의 의미는 갖고 있지만 사역 동사는 아니다)
* The rain made the river rise.
= The rain caused the river to rise.
③ 관용어귀 다음의 원형 부정사.
* had better(best) + 동사 원형 (부정: had better not)
* cannot but + 동사원형 (cannot help ∼ ing)
* do nothing but + 동사원형.
* would rather
would sooner A than B (A,B가 동사원형)
had rather
* You had better stay in bed.
= It would be better for you to stay in bed.
11. 부정사의 부정 : 부정어를 to 앞에 놓는다.
* He did not try to smile. (try를 부정)
* He tried not to smile. (to smile을 부정)
12. 대부정사 : 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위하여 to만을 씀.
* You may go if you want to. (go; 생략)
13. 분리 부정사 : 부사가 부정사를 수식한다는 것을 분명히 하기 위해 to + 동사원형이 부사에 의해 분리되는 것.
* He entirely failed to understand it.
(entirely가 failed를 수식, 완전부정)
He failed to entirely understand it.
(entirely가 understand를 수식하는 분리 부정사, 부분부정)
14. 감탄문을 만드는 부정사.
* To think that such a little boy should have done it.
15. 부정사의 태 : 능동형으로 수동의 의미를 나타내는 것.
* You are to blame
= You are to be blamed.
* To teach is to be taught.
16. 관련구문
① so∼ that … , such ∼ that ….
so + a/ad + that + s + v
such + n + that + s + v
* As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket.
= The book is so small that I put it in my pocket.
= The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket.
* It was such a lovely day that he went out.
= It was so lovely a day that he went out.
◇ 복문 ⇒ 단문
ⓐ a/an + enough의 형태로
ⓑ 접속사 that 생략.
ⓒ that 이하의 절이 본 주어와 같을 때는 생략, 다를 땐 for + 목적격
ⓓ 타동사의 목적어가 본 주어와 같을 땐 생략, 다를 땐 써줌.
② so ∼ that … not
so + a/ad + that … not
too + a/ad + for + 목적격 + to 부정사
* This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
= This stone is so heavy that I can not lift it.
③ Too의 특수 용법
◇ not too ∼ to = not so that ∼ not
* He is not too old to do the task.
= He is not so old that he can not do the task.
= However old he may be, he can do the task.
= He is not so old but he can do the task.
◇ too ∼ not to ＝ so ∼ that cannot but …
* The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him.
(cannot but = can의 의미)
④기타
* ,too (I have much money.
I have much money, too.= So do I )
too = very, only too = very,
too liable to ∼ , too ready to ∼
(걸핏하면 ∼ 하다, ∼하기 일쑤다)
* I am only too good to help you.
* He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.
⑤ too ∼ to, enough ∼ to.
* This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
= This stone is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
* This book is easy enough for me to read.
= This book is so easy that I can read it.