분사

1. 분사의 한정용법: 명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 수식.
  ① 전위수식 (앞에서 수식)
      * Who is the sleeping baby?
  ②후위수식.
      * I received a latter written in English.
        = I received a latter which was written in English.

2. 서술용법
 ① 주격보어로 쓰일 때
      * He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)
      * He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)
  ②목적격보어로 쓰일 때
      * I don't like to see you disappointed.
      * I saw him crossing the street.  (O.C)
      * Of those invited only a few came to the party.
        (◇분사가 대명사를 수식할 경우 단독일지라도 뒤에 놓인다.)

3. 분사의 비교
  * 자동사의 현재분사 → 진행, ∼하고 있는.
     자동사의 과거분사 → 완료나 상태, ∼한, ∼해 버린.
   * playing children = children who are playing.
     fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (낙엽)
     (타동사의 현재분사: 능동 또는 사역, ∼시키는, ∼하게하는.
      타동사의 과거분사: 수동의 뜻, ∼된, ∼당한, ∼받은.)
   ◇ an exciting game
        = a game which excites the one. (열광적인 경기)
       an excited spectator
        = a spectator who is excited. (열광된 관중)

4. 분사의 기타용법
 ① 의사분사 : 명사의 어미에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 '∼을 가지고 있는'의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.
     * a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
       a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
       a blue-eyed girl  = a girl who has blue eyes.
  ② 2형식동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.
     * The rose smells sweet → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기 나는 장미)
     * The wine tastes nice  → the nice-tasting wine.   (맛이 좋은 술)
       주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.
     * The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)
     * Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)
       주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.
     * English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리 쓰이는 영어)
     * The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘 훈련된 일꾼)
       주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.
     * The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)
     * The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)
  ③ 부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.
     * It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우 춥다)
     * He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)
  ④  the + 분사.
     * The dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
       (죽어 가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들것에 실려갔다.)

5. 분사의 시제

	단순형분사(수동형)	완료형분사(완료형 수동분사)
go	going(無)	having gone(無; 자동사이므로)
make	making  (being made)	having made(having been made)
write	writing (being written)	having written (having been written)
	주절 동사의 시제와 같음	주절동사의 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제

  * Living in the country I am very health.
     = As I live in the country. I am very healthy.
  * Living in the country, I was very healthy.
    = As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
  * Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
    = As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
  * Having written my letter, I posted it.
    = After I had written my letter, I posted it.
  * While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
     → 분사구문의 뜻이 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해 해당 접속사를 분사구문 앞에 부가할 경우가 있다.
         즉, Bathing in the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을 막기 위해 While을 두었다.

6. 분사구문
       - 만드는 방법
          접속사 + S + V, S + V ∼
       ① 접속사를 지운다
       ② 분사구문의 의미상 주어와 주절의 주어가 같으면 분사구문의 주어는 생략한다.
           주절의 주어와 분사구문의 주어가 다를 때는 명시를 해 준다.
           일반인이 분사구문의 주어인 경우에는 생략한다.
       ③ 시제 : 분사구문과 주절의 시제가 같으면, 긍정 ⇒ 동사-ing , [Being] + p.p ∼(수동태)
                                                                       부정 ⇒  not 동사-ing, not [Being] + p.p ∼ (수동태)
                                                시제가 다르면, 긍정 ⇒ Having + p.p,   [Having been] + p.p ∼(수동태)
                                                                      부정 ⇒ not Having + p.p, not [Having been] + p.p ∼(수동태)
       (종   류)
   ① 시간 (∼할 때)
       * Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
          = While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
       * Left alone, I began to read.
          = When I was left alone, I began to read.
   ② 이유, 원인 (∼이므로)
       * Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)
          = As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
       * Tired, I went to bed early.
          = As I was tired, I went to bed early.
   ③ 조건 (∼한다면)
       * Turning to the right, you will find the house.
          = If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
       * Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
          = Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ∼
   ④ 양보 (비록 ∼한다할지라도)
       * Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
          = Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
       * Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
          = Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ∼
   ⑤ 부대상황 (동시동작: while, as; ∼하면서)
       * Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
          = While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
       * Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
          = I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.
       * Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
          = As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
   ⑥ 부대상황 (연속동작: ∼, and + 동사; 그리고 ∼하다)
       * We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
          = We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.

7. 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 따로 있는 경우.
   ① 때.
       * The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
          = After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
   ② 이유.
       * It being fine, we went for a walk.
          = As it was fine, we went for a walk.
   ③ 조건.
       * We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
          = We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
   ④ 부대상황.
       * He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
          = He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
        (그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)
      ◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
          Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)

8. Being, Having been의 생략.
  : 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능. 분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때
    being이 본동사 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.
   * (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
      = As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
   * Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
      = When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
   * (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
      = If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

9. 분사의 강조용법
   * As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
      = Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
   ◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
   ◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
   ◇ ∼ing as it does 형.
      * Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
         (저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
         (as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
      * I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
         (몇 년만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
         (occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)

10. 비인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 we, you, they,
   people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 땐 생략.
    * Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
      = If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
    * Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
      = If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.

11. with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.
   ① with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)
       * He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
          = He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
          = He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
       * It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
          = It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
             (바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침이었다.)
          → 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.
   ② with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)
       * He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
          = He stood there, closing his eyes.
          = He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
          = He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
          = He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)
       * With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
         (한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)
   ③ with + 목적어 + 부사(구)
       * I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나 버린다면)
       * with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베게 위에 올려 놓은 채)
          with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)
   ④ with + 목적어 + 형용사.
       * Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)

12. 문두에 나오는 주격보어
   (Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.)
    * Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
       = Being impatient of ∼
         (더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)
    * A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
       = Being a man of ∼
         (사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다.)

13. 암기해야 할 분사구문의 예문
   ① This work (do), I went out for a walk.
     After(As) this work had been done(was done) , I went out for a walk.(분사구문으로 고침)
     분사구문의 주어는 this work이고 주절의 주어는 I이므로 분사구문의 주어를 명시한다.
      This work [having been] done([being] done), I went out for a walk.
   ② Being a fine day, I went out for a walk.(×)
       분사구문의 주어와 주절의 주어가 불일치하므로 틀린 문장이다.
       As I was a fine day, I went out for a walk. (×)
       a fine day의 주어는 I가 될 수 없다. 따라서 비인칭 주어 it을 써야 한다.
       As it was a fine day, I went out for a walk. (○) (분사구문으로 고침)
       It being a fine day, I went out for a walk. (○)
   ③ Reading a book, the book was sold. (×)
       책을 읽는 것은 사람이므로 주절의 the book과 일치하지 않는다.
       After(또는 As) 사람 read a book, 사람 sold the book. (분사구문으로 고침)
       Reading a book, I(사람주어) sold the book. (○)
       cf. 분사구문의 의미상 주어는 대부분 사람이 많다.
   ④ 부대상황
       I lay there with my boots on.           I stood there with my arms folded.
   ⑤ 강조
       현재분사 강조 : as + S + do동사
       과거분사 강조 : as + S + be동사
       Standing on a hillside, the Villa commands a fine view.
                                        (command a fine view : 전망이 좋다)
       As it stands on a hillsied, the Villa commands a fine view. (강조구문으로 쓰면)
       Standing as it does on a hillside, the Villa commands a fine view.
       Written in a hurry, the book has many mistakes.
       [Being] Written in a hurry, the book has many mistakes. (강조구문으로 쓰면)
       Written as it is in a hurry, the book has many mistakes.