형 용 사 (Adjectives)

형 용 사 (Adjectives)

1. 형용사의 종류
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 성상형용사 : 성질,상태를 나타냄. 대부분의 형용사 |
| 수량형용사 수사 : 특정한 수량 |
| 부정수량형용사 :특정하지 않은 수량 : many, much,few etc |
| 대명형용사 : 대명사가 형용사로 쓰임 |
| (인칭,지시,의문 관계형용사 ) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

① I am new to the town.
② I have four English classes every week.
There are many trees in the park.
Come here and see this picture.

2. 형용사의 용법
※ 형용사는 (대)명사 앞 또는 뒤에서 (대)명사의 뜻을 한정하는 한정용법과
보어로서 주어나 목적어를 설명하는 서술적 용법이 있다.

A. 한정용법으로만 쓰이는 형용사
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ⓐ - er 형 : inner, outer, upper,utter,former,latter etc. |
| ⓑ - en 형 : golden, drunken, wooden, silken,olden, sunken etc. |
| ⓒ 기타 : only, mere, sole,lone,utmost,daily, main,thorough etc.|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
She is a mere child.
He is a drunken man. He is drunk. He is a drunkard.
B. 서술용법으로만 쓰이는 형용사
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ⓐ a - 형 : alike, alive, awake,asleep, alone, aware, ashamed,afraid |
| ⓑ 감정을 나타내는 형용사 : content,glad,pleased,upset etc |
| ⓒ 기타 : fond, unable, wont, liable, well |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
I am afraid of death.
He was ashamed of what he did.
I am fond of music.

C. 용법에 따라 의미 차이가 나는 형용사
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| | 한정적 용법 | 서술적 용법 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| ill | 나쁜, | 몸이 아픈 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| late | 늦은, 고(故) | 늦은 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| present | 현재의, 출석한 | 출석한 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| certain | 어떤, 확실한 | 확실한 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| right | 오른쪽의, 옳은 | 옳은 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| sorry | 불쌍한, 가련한 |미안한,유감스런,애석한 |
+-------------+---------------------+-----------------------+



<연습> 다음 문장을 비교해서 해석 하시오.

① He suffers from ill health.
He is ill, so he can't come.
② She returned in the late evening.
My late uncle was a doctor.
He was late for the meeting.
③ the present king - (현재의 왕)
the king present - (참석한 왕)
The king is present. (왕이 참석 했다)
④ He arrived at a certain town.
I'm certain that he saw me.
⑤ Raise your right hand.
It is right to think so.
⑥ He is in a sorry state.[가련한 처지]
I'm sorry to hear your bad news.

3. 목적어를 취하는 형용사 ☆☆
The book is worth 10 dollars.(10 달러 짜리)
My school is near the park.
She looks like her mother.
They sat down opposite each other.


4. 형용사의 명사적 용법
+--------------------------------------------+
| 형용사 복수보통명사 |
| the + 현재분사 → 단수보통명사 |
| 과거분사 추상명사 |
+--------------------------------------------+

A. the + 형용사 <복수보통명사>
You should be kind to the old.
The rich should not look down upon the poor.

B. the + 형용사 < 단수보통명사>
the deceased 죽은 사람
the accused 피고
the pursued 추적 당하는 사람

C. the + 형용사 < 단수추상명사 >
The good and the beautiful do not always go together.
It was a journey into the unknown.

D. 대조어의 명사화 ; 대조적 형용사가 관사 생략 됨
Rich and poor, high and low gathered together.

E. 전치사 + (the) + 형용사
for certain, in particular, on the whole,before long, in short
My business is going from bad to worse.

F. 완전명사화한 형용사
① 관사 붙는 것 : a noble(귀족) a native (원주민)
② 항시복수 : valuables (귀중품), eatables (먹을 수 있는 것)
movables (동산), necessaries (필수품)

5. 형용사의 위치

A. 전위수식 : 명사 앞에서 수식
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① 지시 + 수량 + 대소 + 성상 + 신구 + 재료 |
| ② all, both, double,half,such 등의 형용사는 맨 먼저 온다. |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

Look at those two large stone building.
Both his parents are missing.
all the soldiers
double the speed


B. 후위수식 : 명사 뒤에서 수식

+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 2개 이상의 형용사가 명사 수식 할때 |
| 2. 형용사 뒤에 수식어구 동반 할 때 |
| 3. - thing, - body 를 수식 할 때 |
| +---------------------------------------------------+ |
| 4.| all | |
| | - able | |
| | every + 명사 + 형의 형용사 | |
| | - ible | |
| | 최상급 | |
| +---------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| 5. 서술형용사가 명사 수식 할 때 |
| 6. 관용적 표현 (French, Latin 영향 받음) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

1. She is a lady beautiful, kind and rich.
2. This is a book useful for children.
3. I want something cold.
4. He is the greatest pianist conceivable.
5. The people present were all moved to tears.
6. from time immemorial (= 옛날부터 )
the sum total (합계) things American ( 미국 풍물)
Asia Minor (소아시아) poet laureate (계관시인)

--------------
수 량 형 용 사
--------------

A. Many · Much · Few · Little

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① many, a good many |
| + 복수명사 (수 :많은) |
| a great many, a great number of |
| ② much, a great deal of |
| + 물질명사, 추상명사 (양 :많은) |
| a good deal of |
| |
| ③ a lot of , lots of |
| + 복수명사 또는 단수명사 (수,양 :많은) |
| (a) plenty of |
| ④ few - 수, 부정의미 (거의 없는, 별로 없는) |
| a few - 수, 긍정의미 (조금 있는, 약간있는) |
| ⑤ little - 양, 부정의미 ( 거의 없는, 별로 없는) |
| a little - 양,긍정의미 (조금 있는, 약간 있는) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

① A good many people supported him.
② He spent a great deal of money.
③ We have plenty of time.
We have plenty of books.
④ Tom has few friends.
Tom has a few friends.
⑤ I have little money.
I have a little money.

* Not a few people denied the fact.
He was quite a little surprised.


Many a book is on the desk.
Many books are on the desk.


+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
B.| as many ∼ : 같은 수의 ∼ like so many ∼ : 같은 수의 ∼ 처럼 |
| as much ∼ : 같은 양의 ∼ like so much ∼ : 같은 양의 ∼ 처럼 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

He keeps three dogs and as many cats.
He drank two bottles of beer and as much wine.
The boys worked like so many ants.
The white snow on the ground looked like so much sugar.


C. 기타 관용어구

+-----------------------------------------------------+
|◇ make much of ∼ ∼을 중하게(대단하게) 여기다 |
|◇ much of ∼ 대단한 |
|◇ not so much A as B [A라기 보다는 B이다] |
| = not A so much as B |
| = B rather than A |
|◇ not so much as ∼＝ not even ∼ ∼조차도 않다 |
| = without so much as (∼ing) |
|◇ see much of sb(사람) : ∼ 를 흔히 만나다. |
+-----------------------------------------------------+

◇ He makes much of my father.
◇ He is much of a poet.
◇ He is not so much a poet as a novelist.
= He is not a poet so much as a novelist.
= He is a novelist rather than a poet.

◇ He cannot so much as write his own name.
◇ He went without so much as saying goodbye.
◇ I saw much of him then. (그 때 나는 그를 흔히 만났다.)


수 사
_______

1. 기수사

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① 수사는 복수형을 취하지 않음이 원칙이나 million만은 다른 수사나 |
| 명사가 이어지지 않을 때는 대개 - s를 붙인다. |
| ② 막연한 다수 → 복수형 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
① three hundred, five thousand
three thousand pounds
two million(s)
② dozens [scores] of [수십의]
tens of thousands of [수만의]


2. 서수사
+---------------------------------+
| ① 정관사를 붙임이 원칙 |
| ② a + 서수사 → 불특정한 것. |
+---------------------------------+

① Today is the eighth of May.
② I need a second pair of shoes.[또다른 하나, 다른]



3. 배수사
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| [배수 ∼ + times + as - - as ] ; { ∼ 배 만큼 - - - 한 } |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
① He has as many books as I have.(1배)
② He has half as much money as I have. (0.5 배)
③ He is twice as old as I am. (2 배)
= He is as old again as I am.
= He is double my age.
④ He is four times as old as you are. (4 배)
⑤ This ball is one - third as large as that one.(1/3배)
⑥ This box is one and a half as large as that one.(1.5배)
= This box is half as large again as that one.

<문 제> 이것이 저것 보다 5배 길다.(영작)

____________
수 사 읽 기
___________

1. 연호 : 두자리씩 끊어서 읽음.
1965 : nineteen sixty - five
2. 시각 : 11 : 30 a.m. : eleven thirty a.m.
3. 전화번호 : 한자리씩 끊어 읽음
364 - 5195 : three six four,five one nine five

4. 온도계
25 C : twenty - five degrees Centigrade
80 F : eighty degrees Fahrenheit

5.소수
5. 37 : five point [decimal] three seven
0.205 : nought point [decimal] two nought five
6.날짜 June 5 : June (the) fifth, the fifth of June
7.왕호 Elizabeth Ⅱ : Elizabeth the second
8.분수
1/3 ; a third 3/4 ; three quarters, three - fourths
2/3 ; two - thirds 1/2 ; one half, a half
9. 기수의 서수 대용
Chapter Ⅱ ; chapter two, the second chapter
No. 3 : number three, the third number
World War Ⅱ ; World War two, the second World War

10. 기타 관용적 표현
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| by twos and threes (삼삼오오로) ten to one (십중 팔구) |
| in one's thirties (30대에) at first (처음에는) |
| in one's teens (10대에) for the first time (처음으로) |
| second to none (누구에게도 뒤지지 않은, 최고의) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ the third largest city = the largest city but two

_______________
고 유 형 용 사
______________

+--------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | 고유형용사 | 국 민 |
| 국 명 +-------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+
| | 국 어 | 전 체 | 개인 (단수) | 개인(복수) |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+
| Korea | Korean | the Koreans | a Korean | Koreans |
| America | American | the Americans | an American | Americans |
| Greece | Greek | the Greeks | a Greek | Greeks |
| France | French | the French | a Frenchman | Frenchmen |
| Holland | Dutch | the Dutch | a Dutchman | Dutchmen |
| Japan | Japanese | the Japanese | a Japanese | Japanese |
| China | Chinese | the Chinese | a Chinese | Chinese |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+

☞ the + 고유형용사(s) = 국민전체 ⇒ 복수동사
① 치찰음 ( - ss, - ese, - sh, ch)은 S 안 붙임.
ex) the Swiss, the Chinese, the Irish, the Dutch
② 기타 어형 + S : the Koreans, the Greeks
the Turks, the Germans


<문제> 1. The Chinese (is, are) a diligent people.
2. The French (is, are) a very thrifty people.
3. _________ are a polite people.
① Englishes ② An English
③ The English ④ English


★☆ 어원은 같으나 뜻이 다른 형용사 ( 1 )
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. beneficial : 이익이 되는 유익한, 도움이 되는 |
| beneficent : 선을 행하는,자선심이 많은, 친절한, |
| 2. childish : 어린애 같은, 나약한, 어리석은 |
| childlike : (순진 솔직함이) 어린애 다운 (같은) |
| 3. comparable : 비교할 수 있는 , 공통점이 있는 |
| comparative : 비교의,비교에 관한,상대적인 |
| 4. considerable : 대단히 많은, 중요한 |
| considerate : 사려깊은, 동정심이 많은 |
| 5. contemptible: = deserving of contempt ; 경멸 받을 만한 |
| contemptuous = showing contempt : -- 을 경멸 하는 |
| 6. credible = believable ; 믿을 수 있는 |
| creditable: 명예가 될만한 |
| credulous : (남의 말을) 잘믿는, 잘속는 |
| 7. uninterested : 무관심한,(--에) 관계가 없는 ↔ interested |
| disinterested : 사심없는, 공평한 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Sunshine is beneficial to plants.
He is beneficent to the poor.
2. He lived in comparative comfort.
There is no jewel comparable to diamond.
3. I believe that my income is comparable with average. (평균이상)
comparative linguistics [literature] :비교 언어한 [문학]
4. He bought the new car at a considerable expense.
It was considerate of you not to play the piano
while I was having a sleep.

5. His remark was a contemptible one. (경멸을 받을 만한 말)
His remark was a contemptuous one. (경멸을 하는 말)
6. a credible story = a believable story
a very creditable conduct = a conduct that deserves praise
a credulous person = a person who is easily imposed upon
7. She seems completely uninterested in her work.
A judge must be disinterested in the case he tries.


★☆ 어원은 같으나 뜻이 다른 형용사 (2)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8. pleasant : 유쾌한, 즐거운 |
| pleased : 기뻐하는, 만족하는 |
| 9. imaginative : 상상력이 풍부한 |
| imaginable : 상상할 수 있는 |
| imaginary : 가상적인, 비현실적인 |
| 10. ingenious : 솜씨있는, 정교한,독창적인, |
| ingenuous : 솔직한, 숨김없는,순진한 |
| 11. intelligible :잘 이해 되는, 이해할 수 있는 |
| intelligent : 총명한 머리가 좋은,지성[이해력] 있는 |
| 12. momentous = important, serious, |
| momentary = temporary (순간적인) |
| 13. principal : 주요한, 원금의, n. 교장, 주연배우 |
| principle : 원리, 원칙, 법칙 |
| 14. regretful : 후회하는, 유감인,애석해 하는 |
| regrettable: 유감스런 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

8. He is a pleasant young man.
I'm very pleased you've decided to come.
9. He is an imaginative poet.
I tried every means imaginable.
an imaginary enemy
10. an ingenious person.
an ingenuous opinion
11. Our aim is intelligible to anyone.
He is an intelligent student.
12. momentous event [decision]
a momentary glimpse

13. He is a principal.
the Archimedes' principle
14. He was sorry to leave, when he saw their regretful faces.
Your choice of friends is most regrettable.


★☆ 어원은 같으나 뜻이 다른 형용사 (3)
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15. respectable = worthy of respect, 훌륭한, 상당한 지위에 있는 |
| respectful : 경의를 표하는,예의 바른 |
| 16. sensible : 분별 있는, 현명한 = understandable,reasonable |
| sensitive : quick to receive bodily impressions(민감한,섬세한)|
| 17. successive : 연속하는, (순서로서) 다음에 이어지는 |
| successful: 성공한 |
| 18. desirous : 바라는 |
| desirable : 바람직한 |
| 19. industrial : 산업의 |
| industrious : 근면한 = diligent |
| 20. healthful : 건강에 좋은 |
| healthy : 건강한 |
| 21. economic : 경제학의 |
| economical : 절약하는 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
15. respectable position
You should be respectful to your superiors.
16. It was sensible of you to follow his advice.
The eyes are sensitive to light.
17. We have had three successive years of low rainfall.
He was successful in getting a job.
18. He is a desirable man; I am desirous of employing him.
19. the indiusrial areas of England [산업지역]
He is an industrious worker.
20. Jogging is a very healthful exercise.
She looks very healthy.
21. There are still many economic problems to be solved.
She is a most economical housewife.


★☆ 어원은 같으나 뜻이 다른 형용사 (4)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 22. impressive = able to impress the mind (인상에 남는) |
| impressionable = easily influenced (감수성이 강한) |
| 23. memorable = worth remembering (기억할 만한) |
| memorial = something that keeps remembrance alive(기념의) |
| 24. literal ;문자의, 글자의 |
| literary :문학의, 작가의 |
| literate : 학식이 있는 |
| 25. practical = useful = applicable (실제적인,실천적인) |
| practicable = that can be done (실행 할수 있는) |
| 26. political : 정치적인 |
| politic = tactful = expedient (술책적인,현명한,편의적인) |
| 27. luxurious : giving a feeling of costing much : 사치스런 |
| luxuriant = growing thickly : 번성하는, 풍부한 |
| 28. invaluable = priceless, precious : 귀중한 |
| innumerable = numberless, numerous: 수없이 많은 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

22. He made an impressive speech.
She is an impressionable young lady.
23. a memorial service [기념식,추도식]
It was a memorable event. [잊을 수 없는 사건]
24. A literal translation is not always the closest to the original
meaning. [직역]
He is a literary man. [문학가]
He's a remarkably literate young man.
25. He has acquired a practical knowledge of English.
They are methods that are not practicable.
26. I can't agree with your political view.
The speech you made at the meeting was a politic one.
27. They are staying at a luxurious hotel.
the luxuriant vegetation of the tropics [열대지방의 울창한 초목]
28. Thanks for your invaluable help.
The industrial age has brought innumerable benefits.



비 교 (Comparison)

1. 형용사의 비교 변화

1. 비교급 최상급 만들기
+------------------------------------------------+
| ① 1음절어 : - er, - est |
| ② 2음절어 : - er, - est / more - , most - |
| ③ 3음절어 이상 : more - , most - |
+------------------------------------------------+
☞ 2 음절어 중에서 앞음절에 강세가 있는 경우 more, most 붙임
즉, - ful, - less, - ous, - ive, - ed, - ing 로 끝나는 형용사는
모두 앞음절에 강세가 있으므로 more - ,most - 붙임.
☞ "형용사 + ly" 꼴의 부사는 more - , most -
slowly - more slowly - most slowly
★☆ <주의> 앞음절에 강세가 오는 2음절어 형용사 일지라도 다음
경우에 - er, - est 붙임.
+--------------------------------------------+
| - y : funny, noisy, wealthy |
| - ow : narrow, shallow, hollow |
| - le : gentle, noble, feeble |
| - er, - ure : clever, nature, obscure |
+--------------------------------------------+

2. - er, -est 붙일 때 주의 사항
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① 묵음 - e 로 끝나는 말 : - e 탈락 |
| ② <단모음 + 자음> 끝 날 때 : 자음 하나 더 쓰고 -er,- est |
| ③ <자음 + y> 로 끝날 때 : [y → i] + - er,- est |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

<연습> 비교급,최상급을 만드시오.
famous : beautiful :
wise : thin :
early : clever :
unhappy : gray :

단음절, 2 음절어인 경우에도 - more, most를 쓰는 경우
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ① 서술적 용법으로 쓰이는 것들 : good, worth,afraid, content,alive, |
| alone, aware etc |
| ② 습관적 사용 : like,real,just,right, wrong, false, strange,etc |
| ③ 동일인,동일물의 두가지 성질을 비교할 때 : more ∼ than |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
① He is more fond of coffee than tea.
② It is wrong even to think of wine; it is more wrong to drink it.
③ He is more kind than wise.


+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| 비교 변화 하지 않은 단어 : dead, whole, empty, full, |
| unique, round |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+

3. 불규칙 변화
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| good(좋은) |
| better - best |
| well(건강한) |
| |
| bad(나쁜) |
| worse - worst |
| ill(병든) |
| |
| many (수) |
| more - most |
| much (양) |
| |
| little (양) - less - least |
| few(수) - fewer - fewest |
| older(더 늙은) oldest : 노,소,신,구 |
| old - |
| elder eldest (가장 연장인) :형제관계 |
| |
| later (더 늦은) latest (최근의) : 시간 |
| late - |
| latter (순서) last (마지막의) : 순서 |
| |
| farther (더먼) farthest (가장 먼) : 거리 |
| far - |
| further(더한층) furthest (가장) : 정도 |
| |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1) My elder brother is older than your eldest sister.
2) He lost his only son in his later years.(말년에)
He got up later than usual (더늦게)
3) I like the latter part of the story.
4) My latest book had created a great sensation.
5) My last plan was successful.
6) I can't walk any farther[further].(더 멀리[더 이상])
Have you anything further to say ? (더 이상)


2. 비교법에 의한 비교

1. 원급 비교

He is as kind as she.
He is not so (as) tall as his brother.


2. 우등비교 [ 비교급 + than ]
He is taller than she.
He is four years older than I
( = He is older than I by four years.)


3. 열등비교

She is less beautiful than kind.
= She is not so beautiful as kind.
= She is rather kind than beautiful.

4. 라틴어계 비교
라틴어에서 온 형용사, 어미가 - or, than 대신 to 사용
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| superior to prefer A to B |
| inferior to be preferable to ∼ ∼ 보다 낫다. |
| anterior to major to (보다 많은) |
| posterior to minor to |
| senior to interior to |
| junior to exterior to |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1) He is two years older than I.
= He is older than I by two years.
= He is two years senior to me.
= He is my senior by two years.
= He is two years my senior.
2) I prefer coffee to tea.
= I like coffee better than tea.
3) He is superior to me in English.
= He is better than I in Engilsh.

3.비교의 주의할 용법
1. 원급의 주의할 용법
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| as ∼ as any + 명사 (어느 ∼ 에도 못지 않게) |
| (1) as ∼ as ever + 동사 ( 〃 ) |
| as ∼ as ever ( 여전히) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
John works as hard as any boy in his class.
He is as great a poet as ever lived.
He is as rich as ever. (그는 여전히 부유하다.)
+----------------------------------------------+
| as ∼ as possible (가능한한 ∼ 하게) |
| (2) = as ∼ as one can |
| as well - - (또한, 역시) |
+----------------------------------------------+
He ran as quickly as possible.( he could)
He is a novelist as well.
☞ cf) He is as poor as (poor) can be.(극도로 가난하다)
He is as kind as (kind) can be.
+-------------------------------------------------+
| as good as ∼ (∼와 다름 없는)(=almost) |
| (3) as many [much] as ∼ (∼만큼이나) |
| so much as ∼ (∼ 조차도 =even) |
+-------------------------------------------------+
He is as good as dead.
I collected as many as ten models.
He left without so much as saying good-bye.

2. 비교급의 주의할 용법
1) the + 비교급
★ 비교급 앞에는 the 쓰지않음이 원칙.
다음과 같은 예외 있음
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| ① of A and B 또는 of the two 등의 어구 있을 때 |
| ② 이유 부사절 또는 이유 부사구와 함께 쓰일 때 |
| ③ the + 비교급 - - , the + 비교급 - - - |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
① He is the younger of the two.
② I like him all the better because of his frankness.
③ The more we have, the more we want.

2) 동일인(물) 비교
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 동일인(물)의 성질을 비교할 때는 - er을 사용하지 않고 |
| more를 사용한다. 이때 more는 rather(오히려)의 뜻. |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
She is more (=rather) shy than unsocial.
He is more a scholar than a writer.

3. 비교급의 관용적 용법
1) +------------------------------------------------------+
| much [still] more (한층 더 ∼ 하다) - (긍정) |
| much [still] less ( 한층 더 ∼ 하지 않다) - (부정) |
+------------------------------------------------------+
He can speak French, much more English.
She cannot speak English, much less French.
+---------------------------------------------+
2) | A is no more B than C (is D) (쌍방부정) |
| ( A is not B 를 강조 ) |
| A is no less B than C (is D) (쌍방긍정) |
| (A is B 를 강조) |
+---------------------------------------------+

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.

She is no more beautiful than her sister.
그녀도 언니도, 둘다 못생겼다.
She is not more beautiful than her sister.
그녀는 언니 만큼 미인은 아니다.
She is no less beautiful than her sister
그녀도 언니와 마찬가지로 미인이다.
She is not less beautiful than her sister
cf) →She is probably more beautiful than her sister.
그녀는 언니 못지않게 미인이다.

+------------------------------------------------------+
3) | know better than to ∼ (∼ 할 만큼 어리석지 않다) |
| = too wise to do ∼ |
| = be not so foolish (such a fool) as to ∼ |
+------------------------------------------------------+
He knows better than to lend him money.
= He is too wise to lend him money.
= He is not so foolish as to lend him money.

4)+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|◇ no more than + 수사 = only (단지) (적다는 기분) |
| (= as little [few] as) |
| not more than + 수사 = at most (기껏해야) |
| ◇ no less than + 수사 (만큼이나) |
| = as much [many] as ∼ (많다는 기분) |
| not less than + 수사 = at least (적어도) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
He has no more than ten dollars.
He has not more than ten dollars.
He has no less than ten dollars.
He has not less than ten dollars.


5) You always get (get,gain) the better of me at chess. (= defeat)
6) When it's foggy, the planes are late more often than not.
(= as often as not)[ 대개,자주]
7) He was smiling no more. (= not - any more)
8) They no longer live in that house. (= not - - any longer)
9) I cannot walk any more. (더 이상 ∼ 않다)
10) A man is more or less what he looks.[다소,어느정도,다소 차이는 있으나]
(사람은 다소 차이는 있으나 그의 외모 그대로다.)(about,not exactly)
The work's more or less finished.(almost,nearly)
11) I know he is a nice fellow, but none the less I must punish him
on this occasion.[(그래도) 역시]
12) nothing less than ∼ [∼와 같은, ∼이하는 - - 아니다.]
It's nothing less than madness.[그것은 미친 짓이나 같다]
Nothing less than that will suffice.[그 이하로는 충분하지 않을 것이다]
13) no less sb than ∼ = none (no) other than ∼ [다름아닌 ∼ ]
He was no less a person than the President.
It was none other than Jones.(= It was Jones himself.)
14) no better than ∼ = almost (nearly)∼ ＝ practically the same as ∼
He is no better than a beggar. = as good as
15) If he continues drinking, sooner or later he will lose his job.
[조만간(에)]
16) He is as good as his word. = He is reliable.(약속 잘지키는 사람)
He is a man of his word

3. 비교급 강조
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| much, (by) far, even,still, yet, |
| + 비교급 ( 훨씬 더 ∼ 한 ) |
| a good [great] deal, a lot, lots |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
You acted even more foolishly than usual.
4. 절대비교급 : 비교대상이 없는 막연한 것
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| the upper (상류계층) the younger generation (청년층) |
| the greater part of (대부분) the lower animal (하등동물) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

4. 최상급을 이용한 비교
+--------------------------------------------+
| of + all (the) 복수명사 |
| the + 최상급 + |
| in + 단수명사 |
+--------------------------------------------+
Tom is the tallest of all his classmates.
Tom is the tallest boy in his class.
She is the greatest artist that has ever lived. (최상급 강조)

1.최상급의 의미를 나타내는 여러가지 표현

2. 최상급에 정관사 the 를 붙이지 않는 경우
+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1) 부사의 최상급 |
| 2) 최상급의 형용사가 보어로 쓰이며, |
| ① 동일인,동일물의 성질이나,상태를 비교할 때 |
| ② 어느 때의 상태를 다른 때와 비교할 때 |
| 3) 정관사를 대신하는 다른 말(한정사)이 있을 때 |
+--------------------------------------------------+
1) I love her best.
2) ① The lake is deepest at this point.
cf) The lake is the deepest (lake) in Korea.
② I am happiest when alone.
cf) I am the happiest (man) of us all.
3) He is my best friend.

3. 절대 최상급
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 최상급이 형용사의 뜻을 강조하기 위해 [매우,아주 대단히 몹시]의 |
| 뜻으로 쓰일때 절대최상급이라 한다. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
1. They listened to me with (the) deepest sorrow.
2. Their friendship dated from their earliest youth.
3. His English is none of the best.
☞ none of the + 최상급 [ 조금도 - - 않다. 전연 - - 아니다.]
4. Most people are aware of it.(대부분)
This is a most (a very) interesting book.(매우)
The river is most (very) dangerous to bathe in.(매우)
cf) He has the most books of us.(가장많은, 최상급)

4. 최상급 강조
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| (by) far the very |
| ① the 최상급 ② far and away 최상급 |
| much out and away |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
He is by far the best scholar. (다른사람보다 훨씬 뛰어난 학자이다)
He is the very brightest boy. (그가 바로 가장 총명한 소년이다)

5.양보의 의미를 갖는 최상급
① The wisest man may sometimes make a mistake.
(= Even the wisest man)
② The most careful observation would not have revealed the mystery.

6. 최상급의 관용적용법 ★☆
1. You must make the best [most] of your time.[최대한 활용하다]
2.It was rather thoughtless of him, to say the least.[아무리 좋게 보아도]
3. He is the last man to betray you.= He is far from betraying you.
4. He breathed his last. (= died)
5. The blooms are at their best.(꽃이 한창이다)
6. It is at (the) best a second - rate hotel. (잘해야 2류 호텔이다)
7. He died at last in Seoul in 1991.(드디어,최후로)
8. I will call on you next Wednesday at (the) latest.(늦어도)
9. Read the last line but one. [ 끝에서 두번째]