접 속 사 (Conjunction)

접 속 사 (Conjunction)

1. 접속사의 종류

단순접속사 - and, but, or, after, if, since etc
형태상 접속사구 - as well as, as if, as soon as, as though, in case
상관접속사 - either - - or, both - - and, not only - - but(also)
등위접속사 - and, but, or, for, as well as, either - - or
용법상
종속접속사 - because, until, (so) that, (just) as, if though


+-------------------- 접속사 ------------------------------------------+
| 등위접속사 (중문) ; and but or for |
| 종속접속사 (복문) 명사절 - that, if(whether),wh-words |
| 형용사절 - 관계사 |
| 부사절 - because,as if,when,lest,though,if etc. |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

2. 등위접속사의 용법
+----------- 1. and -----------------------+
| 1. A and B → 복수가 원칙 |
| 2.[명령문 + and] |
| 3. 부정사 대용 |
| 4. 형용사 + and + 형용사 ⇒ very 형용사 |
| 5. but 대용 |
+---------------------------------------------+
1. Red and yellow are primary colors.
cf) Curry and rice is what I like (the) best for lunch.

2. Work hard, and you will succeed.
3. Please come and see me.(= come to see me)

4. He felt good and (=very) tired.
☞ good, nice, fine,rare, lovely, poor + and + 형용사
= very, exceedingly, excessively

5.Tom's 15 and still sucks his thumb.


+------------------------------------------------------+
| both(= alike = at once = equally) A and B |
+------------------------------------------------------+

Both his father and mother are dead.
☞ cf) The novelist and poet lives about here.
The novelist and the poet live about here.


+----------------- 2. but -------------------------------------+
| 1. but - - - - 그러나, 하지만 |
| 2. not A but B [A가 아니라 B이다] |
| 3. not that - - but that ∼ - - 때문이 아니라 |
| = not because - - but because ∼ ∼ 때문이다 |
| 4. indeed - - but [ 과연(비록) - - 이지만] |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

1. He is poor but she is rich.
2. This is not a pen, but a pencil.
3. Not that I don't like the game,but that I have no time.
4. Indeed he is young, but he is prudent.
= He is young, to be sure, but he is prudent.
= It is true that he is young,but he is prudent.


+----------- ★ But의 5가지 용법 ☆ --------------------+
| 1. 전치사 :[- -을 제외하고] [ - - 외에] (except) |
| 2. 부사 : [단지,다만]( = only) |
| 3. 대등접속사 |
| 4. 종속접속사 : 부정적의미의 단어 뒤에 but (not 포함)|
| 5. 유사관계대명사 |
+-------------------------------------------------------+

1. I have no friend but him.
2. He is but a child.
3. He studied hard but failed again.
4. It never rains but it pours.
5. There is no rule but has some exceptions.
+--------------------------------------------+
3. | not only A but also B (A 뿐만 아니라 B 도) |
+--------------------------------------------+
He gave me not only money but (also) advice.
= He gave me advice as well as money.


+----------- 4. or -------------------------------+
| 1. 또는 |
| 2. that is (to say),namely,in other words 즉 |
| 3. 명령문 + or - - = if - - not, unless |
| 4. 양보 |
| 5. either A or B [A이거나 B 이거나] |
+-------------------------------------------------------+

1. He or I am to blame.
2. He weighs 130 pounds,or about 60 kilograms.
3. Hurry up, or you will be late.
= If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
= Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
4. Rain or shine, I will start tomorrow.
= Whether it is rainy or shiny, ∼
5. Either you or I must go.

+---------------------------------------------+
5. | nor - -도 않다 (= and not) |
| neither A nor B (A도 B도 아니다. 양자부정) |
+---------------------------------------------+

1. I don't love her, and she does not love me, either.
→ I don't love her,nor does she love me.
2. I saw neither him nor her.
3. Neither you nor I (am,are) to blame.

+---------------------------------------+
6.| while [그러나, 한편](= whereas, but) |
+---------------------------------------+
He has remained poor, while his brother has made a fortune.
cf) They arrived while we were having dinner. (종속접속사)(∼동안)

3. 종속접속사
A.명사절을 이끄는 접속사
+--------------------+
| ① that |
| ② whether ,if |
| ③ wh - words |
+--------------------+
+------- 1. that : S ,O, C ,동격 --------------------------------+
| ① That he loved her was certain. (S) |
| ② They say that he is a great scientist.(O) |
| ③ His only fault is that he has no fault. (C) |
| ④ The thought that he will help me gives me courage. (동격절) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+------ 2. whether, if : S, O, C ----------------------+
| ① Whether he will come or not is uncertain.(S) |
| ② The point is whether she likes it or not.(C) |
| ③ I wonder [whether] if it's long enough.(O) |
+--------------------------------------------------------+

☞ ☆ Whether 대신 if 못쓰는 경우
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1. 주어절, 보어절,전치사의 목적어로 못씀 |(Vt의 O로만 쓰임)
| 2. 부정사가 이어지는 경우 |
| 3. or not 이 이어지는 경우 |
+-------------------------------------------+
① Whether it rains or not doesn't matter.
② I don't know whether to accept or not.
③ I don't care whether or not your car breaks down.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|☞ ☆ 확신을 나타낼 때는 that절이 오나, |
| 의문,회의를 나타낼 때는 if절이 옴 |
| know don't know |
| ① I am sure that - - - ② I am not sure if - - |
| don't doubt doubt |
| suspect wonder |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
I doubt if (whether) he will succeed. (긍정문) 성공할지 의심
cf)

I don't doubt that he will succeed. (부정문) 성공할 것을 의심 않음

+---- 3. wh - words ---------------------------+
| 1. 관계대명사 what - S, O, C |
| 2. 의문사 - 간접의문문 유도하여 S,O,C |
| 3. 관계부사 - 선행사 생략돤 경우 명사절 |
+-----------------------------------------------+

① What is done cannot be undone.
② No one knows where he was from.
③ Tell me why you were absent.


B. 부사절을 이끄는 접속사
+----------------------- 《1．이유, 원인 》---------------------------+
| As, Since, Because |
| Now that, Seeing that + S + V ∼ [ - - 때문에] |
| On the ground that |
| |
| Owing partly to A and partly to B [한편으로는 A때문에 |
| Partly (because) A and partly because B 또 한편으로는 B 때문에] |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+

As, Since, Because
Now that, Seeing that she is unkind, she is not loved.
On the ground that
= She is so unkind that she is not loved.
= She is so unkind as not to be loved.
= She is too unkind to be loved.


+------------------ 《2.양태 》----------------------+
| 1. as : [ - - 처럼, - - 와 같이] |
| 2. as if (=though) ; [ 마치 - - 인[이었던]것 처럼] |
+----------------------------------------------------+
1. Do as you are told.
cf) As rust eats iron,so care eats the heart.
2. He looks as if he were dead.
☞ as if[though] 다음에는 주로 '가정법시제'가 온다.
cf) He acts as if he is hungry.
+------------------- 《3. 때 》 --------------------------------+
| 1. when : ⓐ [ - - 할 때에, - - 하면(=if)] |
| ⓑ [바로 그때 (= and at that time) |
| 2. It will not be long before [ 오래지 않아 곧 - - 하다] |
| = before long, soon,by and by,shortly |
| 3. not A till(until) B : [ B 해서야 비로소 A 하다] |
| 4. since : [이후 (죽) 지금 까지] |
| 5. by the time : [- - 할 때까지는] |
| 6. as soon as : [ - - 하자마자] |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
1. ⓐ Give her this book when she comes.
ⓑ They were about to start fighting when their father intervened.
2. It will not be long before he comes back.
= Before long [ Soon] he will come back.
cf) I had not gone far before I met him by chance.

+---------------------------------------------+
☞ ☆ |cf) 과거완료 부정 + when [ before] + 과거 |
| 미처 (채) - - 하기도 전에 - - 하였다. |
+---------------------------------------------+

3. We do not know the value of health until we lose it.
4. It is five years since his father died. ☞ P.77
= Five years have passed since his father died.
= His father has been dead for five years.
= His father died five years ago.

5. I'll have started by the time you come back.
6. As soon as we started, it began to rain.
= No sooner had we started than it began to rain.
= Hardly[Scarcely] had we started when[before] it began to rain.
= The moment [The instant,The minute] we started, it began
to rain.
= It began to rain immediately(after) we started.
= On our starting,it began to rain.

☞ 기타 때를 나타내는 접속사 ; after, while, as etc
+-------------- 《4.목적》 ----------------+
| (so) that - - may [ - - 하기 위해서] |
| lest - - should [ - - 하지 않도록] |
+------------------------------------------+

so that
◇ She works hard that she may succeed.
in order that

to
| so as to succeed.
◇ She works hard | in order to
| for the purpose of
| with a view to succeeding.
with the view of

◇ She works hard lest she should fail in the task.
for fear (that) she should fail - - -.
= She works hard that(so that, in order that) she may not fail
in the task.
= She works hard not to (so as not to, in order not to) fail
in the task.


+-------------------- 《5.결과》 ---------------------------------+
| ① so - - that + S + V ∼ [ 너무나 - - 해서 ∼ 하다] (결과) |
| [ ∼하리만큼 - - 하다](정도) |
| ② ,so that ∼ (can) (결과) [ 그래서] |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
① We were so tired that we fell asleep soon.
② He has got well, so that he can now work.


+---------------------------------------------+
☞ | not so - - that + S + V not ∼ |
| [ ∼ 할 수 없으리만큼 너무 - - 는 아니다.] |
+---------------------------------------------+
We were not so tired that we could not walk on.
+------------------------《6.양보》 -------------------------------+
| Though |
| Even though she is rich, she is not happy. |
| (even) If |
| = Despite |
| | In spite of | |
| | With [ After, For] all | her riches, she is not happy. |
| | Notwithstanding | |
| In the face of (전치사(구)) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

+------- as 양보의 구문 --------------+
| 형용사 |
| 관사없는 명사 as + S + V |
| 동사원형 |
+---------------------------------------+
Poor as he is, he is happy.
Prince as he was, he was not happy.
Try as you may , you will fail to do it.

+-----------《7. 조건》 -------------------+
| 1. If only ; [하기만 한다면] |
| 2. once [일단 - - 하면] |
| 3. so long as [- -이기만 하면] ( if) |
| 4. so far as ∼ be concerned |
| [ ∼ 에 관한 한] |
+------------------------------------------+

1. If only he works hard, I will employ him.
2. Once you have made a promise, you should keep it.
3. Any book will do, so long as it is interesting.
4. So far as mathematics is concerned,I am second to none.

+-------------------------------------------------------+
☞ ☆☆| never |
| no - - but ∼ [ - - 했다하면 ∼ 한다] |
| hardly |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
I never meet the beautiful girl but my heart leaps up.
= Whenever I meet the beautiful girl, my heart leaps up.
= I never meet the beautiful girl without my heart leaping up.
+-------------------- as 의여러가지 뜻 -----------------------------------+
| ① 비록 ∼ 이지만 (though) | Poor as he is, he is happy. |
| ② ∼ 로서 | He is well known as a poet. |
| ③ ∼ 처럼 (like) | He did it as he had been told. |
| ④ ∼할 때 (when) | She sang as she washed. |
| ⑤ ∼함에 따라 | As it grew darker, the wind blew harder. |
| ⑥ ∼하면서,한채로 | Don't speak as your mouth is full. |
| ⑦ ∼ 때문에(since) | As he is a child, he can't do it. |
| ⑧ 유사관계대명사 | This is the same camera as I lost. |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------------------+

☞ 종속 접속사에는 ① 명사절을 이끄는 접속사,② 부사절을 이끄느 접속사,
③ 형용사절을 이끄는 접속사 등이 있으나, 형용사절을 이끄는 접속사는
제5장 관계대명사와 제17장 관계부사에서 다루었다.






God, grant me the Serenity to accept the things
I cannot change, Courage to change the things
I can, and Wisdom to know the difference.



하나님, 내가 변경시킬 수 없는 일에 대해서는 그것을
받아드릴 침착함을 주시고, 변화시킬 수 있는 일에
대해서는 과감히 도전할수 있는 용기를 주시오며,
이 차이점을 알 수 있는 지혜를 주옵소서.