분 사 (Participle)

분 사 (Participle)

☆★ +---------------------------------------------------------+
| 현재분사 : 능동,진행의 의미 [ - - 하고 있는, - - 하는] |
| 과거분사 : 수동,완료의 의미 [ - - 된, - - 되어 있는] |
+---------------------------------------------------------+


1. 분사의 용법
+---------------------------------------------+
| 1. 한정용법 - 직접 명사 수식 |
| 2. 서술적 용법 - 보어로 쓰임 (S.C ,O.C) |
+---------------------------------------------+

1. 한정용법
① 명사 앞에서 - 분사가 단독 일 때
a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping
a wounded soldier = a soldier who was wounded

② 명사 뒤에서 - 분사가 목적어,부사,보어등을 동반 할 때
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
Once there lived a man named John.

2.서술적 용법
① 주격보어
She sat reading a newspaper.
He seemed satisfied.
She came home crying / satisfied.

② 목적격 보어
He kept me waiting for a long time.
He could not make himself understood.

+---------------------------------------------------+
☞ ★ | have (get) + 목적어 + p.p. : 사역,수동의 의미 |
| He had (get) his watch mended. |
| cf |
| He had (get) his watch stolen. |
+---------------------------------------------------+
≪주의≫ 1. 자동사의 과거분사는 수동의 의미가 아닌 '완료된 동작의 상태'로
명사앞에 놓임. fallen leaves, returned soldiers (재향군인)
2. 분사가 대명사를 수식하는 경우 다른 수식어 없어도 뒤에 둔다.
Of those invited only a few come to the party.
3. 전치수식의 과거분사는 형용사로 취급하여 아닌 very로 수식.
a very worried look. cf. She was much worried.


2. 감정동사의 보어
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| interested interesting |
| | suprised | | suprising |
| 사람 + be + | excited | → 사물 + be + | exciting |
| | shocked | | shocking |
| | amused | | amusing |
| disappointed disappointing |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
위 동사들은 타동사이다.
interest는 "--에게 흥미를 갖게 하다"라는 뜻이다.
사람이 주어이면 수동태로 쓰여,"--에 흥미를 갖게 되다"의 뜻이 된다.
1. The book is ( interesting, interested.)
2. The game is ( exciting, exicited.)
3. I am ( interesting, interested ) in the book.
4. The lesson was ______ , and the students were _______ .
(bored, boring)
[정답] 1. interesting 2. exciting 3. interested 4. boring, bored


3. 유사분사

+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| [명사 + ed]가 명사를 수식 |
| " - - 을 가진, - - 을 가지고 있는"의 뜻 |
| [have, with]를 가진 글을 [명사 + ed] 꼴로 고칠 수 있다. |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

a blue - eyed girl = A girl has blue eyes.
The short-feathered bird = The bird has short feathers.
a red-colored rose = a rose with red color.
3. 분사의 특별한 용법

1. [the + - ing, the + p.p.] = 명사
현재분사,과거분사에 the를 붙이면 복수보통명사가 된다.
단수보통명사가 되기도 함.
the + 형용사 → 복수보통명사, (드물게 단수 보통명사)

+-------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| the + ing(- -하는 사람<것>들 | the + p.p. (- -당한 사람들) |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| the living = living men | the slain = slain people |
| the dying = dying men | the conquered = conquered people|
| the missing (실종자) | the handicapped (신체장애자) |
| the following(다음의 것들) | the unemployed(실직자) |
| the sleeping | the educated (교육받은자) |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------+


2. drunk ; drunken
+----------------------------------------------+
| drink - drank - drunk (서술적 용법에만 씀) |
| drunken (한정용법에만 씀) |
+----------------------------------------------+

① He has drunk.
② He was drunk.
③ A drunken man was run over by a car.

3. 부사적 용법의 현재분사(현재분사 + 형용사)
① It's freezing/biting cold.
② It's boiling / roasting / burning / steaming hot

4. 현재분사의 전치사화
① I said nothing regarding/ concerning the future.
= as to , about (- - 에 관하여)
② He arrived late owing to the storm.
= because of (- -때문에)
③ Considering her age, she reads well. ( - - 에 비해)

분 사 구 문 (Participial Construction)

1. 분사구문
※ 분사가 "접속사 + 동사"의 역할을 하여 부사절과 같은 의미를 나타내는
부사구
★☆ 분사구문 만들기
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. 부사절의 접속사 생략 |
| 2. 부사절의 주어와 주절의 주어가 같으면 생략,다르면 그대로 |
| 3. 부사절의 동사원형 + ing |
| 4. 시제확인 |
| +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |ⓐ 단순분사구문 (Root + ing) : 주절의 시제와 같은 시제 | |
| |ⓑ 완료분사구문(having + p.p.):주절의 시제 보다 하나 앞섬 | |
| +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
| ※ 분사구문의 부정 : 분사 앞에 not, never |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+

1. When I opened the door, I found him sleeping.(시간)
=
2. As I did not know him, I was puzzled.(이유, 부정)
=
3. If you turn to the right, you will find the building.(조건)
=
4. Though I admit what you say, I will think you are wrong.
= (양보)
5. He picked up a stone, and threw it at a dog.(부대상황, 연속동작)
=
6. He extended his hand, while he smiled brightly.(부대상황, 동시동작)
=
7. As he was defeated by his enemy, he had to run away.(수동)
=
8. As I have finished the work, I have nothing to do.(완료)
=
9. As I was busy yesterday, I am tired today. (완료분사)
=
10. As there was nothing more to do, we continued chatting.
= (there가 있는 구문)
[정답]
1. Opening the door, I found him sleeping.
2. Not knowing him, I was puzzled.
3. Turning to the right, you will find the building.
4. Admitting what you say, I will think you are wrong.
5. He picked up a stone, throwing it at a dog.
6. He extented his hand, smiling brightly.
7. (Being) defeated by his enemy, he had to run away.
8. Having finished the work, I have nothing to do.
9. Having been busy yesterday, I am tired today.
10. There (being) nothing more to do, we continued chattering.

2. 독립분사구문

1. 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 주절의 주어와 다를 때 분사 앞에 주어 첨가
① As it was fine, we went fishing.
= It (being) fine, we went fishing.
② When school was over, the pupils went home.
= School (being) over, the pupils went home.
③ If weather permits, we shall start tomorrow.
= Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow.


2. with + 명사(목적어) + 분사
☞ 독립분사구문에 with를 더하여 부대상황을 나타내는 부사구 됨.
이때 목적어와 분사는 "주어, 술어 관계" 가 있다.

˚ He sat under the tree, and his eyes were closed.
= He sat under the tree his eyes (being) closed.
= He sat under the tree with his eyes closed.

˚The old man was reading, with his wife knitting beside him.
˚ It was a misty morning, with little wind blowing.
˚ He stood still, with his eyes fixed on something shadowy.

3. 무인칭독립분사구문

☞ 독립분사구문에서 의미상주어가 막연한 일반인 일 때 생략(관용적 사용)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1. - - ly speaking ( - - 하게 말하자면(해서)) |
| generally speaking |
| Strictly speaking |
| Roughly speaking |
| 2. Judging from his behaviour, he must be honest. |
| 3. Seeing that he is still young, he will recover soon. |
| 4. Taking all things into consideration,- - |
| (=everything) |
| 5. He owns fifteen horses all told. |
| 6. Historically viewed, Seoul is a city which has developed |
| with the Castle of Han-yang as its center. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
4. 접속사 + 분사구문

분사구문을 만들 때 접속사 생략이 원칙이나 뜻을 명확히 하기 위해
접속사를 분사구문 앞에 붙이는 경우가 있다.
˚While staying in Chicago, I became acquainted with him.
˚Though seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.


5. Being, having been이 생략 된 구문
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ⓐ 수동태 : being + p.p.,having been + p.p.→ being,having been 생략 |
| ⓑ 진행형 : being + - -ing → being 생략 |
| ⓒ be +"형용사/명사/부사" → being 생략 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. This book, though it has been written in haste, has few mistakes.
= This book, written in haste, has few mistakes.

2. While I was walking along the street, I met an old friend of mine.
= Walking along the street, I met an old friend of mine.

3. As he was sick and tired, he went to bed early.
= Sick and tired, he went to bed early.


6. 부사구문의 강조 (참고)
+------------------------------------------+
| 1. 현재분사 + as + 대명사 주어 + do 동사 |
| 2. 과거분사 + as + 대명사 주어 + be 동사 |
+------------------------------------------+

☞ 분사 다음에 삽입하여 "사실, 이렇게'로 해석
주로 이유, 원인 표시 분사구문에서 사용
˚ Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
˚ Hidden as it was among the trees, the villa was not easily found.