가정법 (Subjunctive Mood)

가정법 (Subjunctive Mood)

+----------+-------------------《가정법의 문형》-----------------------------+
| | 조건절 (종속절) | 귀결절 (주절) |
+----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | | would |
| 가정법 | If + S + 과거동사 | S + should + Root |
| 과 거 | were | could |
| | (현재사실 반대) | might |
| | | must |
| | If I were a bird | I would fly to you. |
+----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | | would |
| | If + S + had + P.P. | should |
| 가정법 | (과거사실 반대) | S + could + have P.P. |
|과거완료 | | might |
| | | must |
| | If I had been a bird | I would have flown to you. |
+----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | | will |
| 가정법 | If + S + 현재동사 | S + shall + Root |
| 현재 | 동사원형 | can |
| | (현재,미래에 대한 의심) | may |
| | If it rain(s) tomorrow | I shall be at home. |
+----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | should | would (will) |
| | If + S + would + Root | S + should (shall) + Root |
| | were to | could (can) |
| 가정법 | ( 미래에 대한 강한 의심) | might (may) |
| 미래 | If I should fail again | what shall I do ? |
| | If you would do it for me | I should be very glad. |
| | should :미래 강한 의심 [그럴리야 없지만 혹시라도] |
| | would :주어의 의지,욕망 | |
| | were to: 순수가정,불가능 | |
+----------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+


1. 가정법 과거
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| +-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | If + S + 과거동사(were) - - , S + 과거조동사 + Root | |
| | (만약 - - 이라면, - - 일텐데) | |
| +-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| · 현재사실과 반대 되는 가정,상상을 나타냄 |
| · 형태는 과거지만 뜻은 현재로 해석 |
| · 직설법 현재로 바꿀 수 있음 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

If he had a boat, he could lend it to us.
= As he doesn't have a boat, he cannot lend it to us.
= He doesn't have a boat, so he cannot lend it to us.

If it were true,I should be very glad.
= It is not true, so I am not glad.
= As it is not true, I am not glad.

2. 가정법 과거완료
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| +-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | If + had + P.P. - - , S + 과거조동사 + have + P.P. | |
| | (만약 - - 이었다면,- - 이었을 텐데) | |
| +-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| · 과거사실에 반대되는 가정,상상 |
| · 형태는 과거완료지만,뜻은 과거로 해석 |
| · 직설법 과거로 고칠 수 있음 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

If it had been fine, we could have enjoyed the moon.
= As it was not fine, we could not enjoy the moon.

If he had not died young, he would have been a great scholar.
= As he died young, he did not become a great scholar.

《연습문제》 가정법으로 고치기
1. As I am not a bird, I can't fly to you.

2. As he fell ill, he did not pass it.

3. 가정법 현재
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| +--------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | If + S + Root ( or 현재) - -, S + 조동사 현재 + Root | |
| | (만약 -- 이라면, - - 한다.(할것이다) | |
| +--------------------------------------------------------+ |
| · 현재,미래에 대한 의심,불확실 |
| · 사실로 될지의 가능성은 반반 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

If he be(=is) old,he will be unable to do it.
If it rain (=rains) tomorrow, I will not go there.

4. 가정법 미래
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | would | |
| | If + S + should + Root - -,S + 조동사과거(or 현재) + Root| |
| | were to | |
| | (만약 - - 이라면, - - 일 것인데) | |
| +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
| · 미래에 일어 날것 같지 않은 불확실성이 심한 가정 |
| · were to : 실현 불가능한 순수가정(귀결절에서 조동사 과거) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
If you should fail again, what would (will) you do ? (미래 강한의심)
If you would try harder, you would surely succeed.(주어의 의지)
If I were to be young again, I would be a doctor.(순수가정,불가능)
※ 가정법 현재나 가정법 미래는 같이 미래의 불확실한 가정을
나타낼 수 있지만 가정법 미래가 더 불확실.

5. 혼합가정
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| +---------------------------------------------------+ |
| | If + S + had + P.P. - - , S + 조동사 과거 + Root | |
| | (만약 - - 이었다면,- - 일텐데) | |
| +---------------------------------------------------+ |
| 조건절과 주절 사이에 시간적 차이가 있을 때 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
If I had taken your advice then, I should be happier now.
= I did not take your advice,so I am not happier now.

6. I wish - -
+--------------------------------------------------+
| ·I wish + S + 과거동사 {- - 이라면 좋으련만} |
| ·I wish + S + had + P.P. {- - 였다면 좋으련만} |
+--------------------------------------------------+
I wish + 가정법 과거 : 실현되기 어려운 소망
· I wish I were a bird.
= I am sorry I am not a bird.
I wish + 가정법 과거완료 : 과거(또는 그 이전)에 실현되지 못한 소망.
·I wish I could have answered the question.
= I am sorry I could not answer the question.

7. as if (though)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|·as if (though) + S + 가정법 과거 : {마치 - - 인것 처럼} |
|·as if (though) + S + 가정법 과거완료 : {마치 - -였던것 처럼} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
· He talks as if he knew everything.
= In fact he doesn't know everything.
· He talked as if he knew everything.
= In fact he did not know everything.
· He talks as if he had seen her.
= In fact he has not seen her.
· He talked as if he had seen her.
= In fact he had not seen her.
☆★ +--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 주절의 시제와 같을 때 as if, I wish 뒤에 가정법 과거가 오고 |
| 주절의 시제보다 앞설 때는 가정법 과거완료가 온다. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
☞ 현대 영어에서는 as if 다음에 직설법 쓰기도 함
He speaks as if he were (is) an American.

8. 가정법 특수 구문
+----------------------------------------------+
| It is (high) time (that) S + 과거 V - - |
| (about) S + should + Root | * should 생략 불가
| ☞ 긴급,당연,필요,재촉 {- - 할 때다} |
+----------------------------------------------+
It is time (that) you went to bed.
= It is time (that) you should go to bed.
= It is time for you to go to bed.

9. 조건절 대용어구
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 전치사,명사주어 would |
| 부정사,분사 등이 should 등과 함께 쓰이면 |
| 접속사,부사구 could,might 가정법 의미 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
1) 전치사
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| But [except] for |
| Without + 명사 - - , S + 조동사과거 + Root |
| If it were not for |
| ⇒ 가정법 과거, {만약 - - 이없다면 - - 일텐데} |
| |
| But [except] for |
| Without + 명사 - - , S + 조동사과거 + have P.P.|
| If it had not been for |
| ⇒ 가정법 과거완료 {만약 - - 이없었다면 - - 이었을 텐데} |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
* 가정법으로 고치기
1. As you help me, I can succeed.
=
=
=
2. As you advised me, I did not go bankrupt.
=
=
=
2) 부정사와 분사
·I should be glad to go with you.
= I should be glad if I could go with you.

·Born in better times, he would have been famous.
= If he had been born in better times,he would have been famous.

3) 명사(주어)
·A wise man would not do such a thing.
= If he were a wise man,he would not do such a thing.

·A true friend would not have said so.
= If he had been a true friend, he would not have said so.

☆ One more effort,and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort,you'll succeed.(동사생략 + 명사,and)
☞ Make one more effort, and - - 의 뜻, [명령문 + and] 구문으로 보고 고침

4) 접속사
+-------------------+
| Otherwise,or else |
+-------------------+
I am busy,otherwise I would go.(= if I were not busy)
He started at once,otherwise he would have been late.
(=if he had not started at once)
★☆ but that + 직설법 (unless)
I would go, but that I am ill. (= except [save] that - - )
= I would go,if I were not ill.

She would have fallen but that I caught her.
= She would have fallen, if I had not caught her.
5) 부사구
I would not do so in your place.
= If I were in your place, I would not do so.

6) 조건절이 생략된 가정법 (겸손한 말씨,불확실한 추측)
I should like to go.(if I could)
That would seem strange. (if you didn't know about it)

7) 귀결절이 생략된 가정법
{- - 이라면 !} {- -이었다면 !}
If I could only do it ! (How glad I should be !)
Don't ! If anybody should come !(What would be the result ?)
☞ 문장에서 "조동사 과거 + have P.P." 또는 "조동사과거 + Root"
형태가 오면, 1) - 7) 구문을 생각해 보라!

+-------------------------------------------------------+
|8) If 생략 |
| · 동사를 문두에 둔다.(일반동사 일 때 do를 문두에) |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
Were I younger, I would go there. (If I were younger)
If I possessed a nice car, I would lend it to you.
⇒ Did I possess a nice car, I would lend it to you.
10. if 대용어구

+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| unless = if -- not |
| |
| provided (that) |
| providing (that) |
| on the condition (that) = if ( 직설법 ) |
| in case (that) |
| so that |
| so long as = if only (직설법 ) |
| |
| supposing (that) = if (직설법 또는 가정법 ) |
| suppose (that) |
| |
| granted (that) = even if(양보) (직설법 ) |
| granting (that) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
I will go there , providing my expenses are paid.
I will accept the post,on the condition that you assist me.
You may stay here,so long as you keep quiet.
Granted that it is true, it does not matter to me.
Suppose I were going, should you be sorry ?

+-----------《가정법 포함 관용어구 》----------------------------+
| ① as it were = so to speak [말하자면] |
| ② if ever + 동사 : [- - 한다 하더라도] |
| ③ if any + 명사 : [가령 있다 하더라도] |
| ④ if anything : [어느편인가 하면,글쎄,어느정도] |
| ⑤ if at all : ⓐ [기왕에 - - 한다면],ⓑ [- -한다 하더라도] |
| ⑥ what if : ⓐ[만일 - -한다면 어쩌나](큰일이다) |
| ⓑ[설사 - - 한다하더라도 아무 관계 없다] |
| ⑦ if not all : [전부는 아니지만] |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
He is, as it were, an endless dreamer.
He seldom, if ever, goes to church.
There are very few, if any, mistakes.
He is, if anything, worse today.
Study, if at all, hard.
He is little, if at all, better than a beggar.
What if you should die !
What if I fail ?
He spent more than half the money, if not all.

11. 명령법을 사용한 양보의 부사절
+-------------------------------+
| · 명령법 + wh -clause |
| · 명령법 + ever so + 형용사 |
| · 명령법 + as - clause |
| · 명령법 + A or B |
+-------------------------------+

Go where she will, she will find some friends to help her.
= Wherever she may go,
= No mattter where she may go,

Be a man ever so rich, he should not be idle.
= However rich a man may be,

Try as he might, he could not persuade her.
= However he might try,

Be it true or not, it is not worth considering.
= Whether it is true or not,
= No matter it may be true or not,


12. Should의 특수 용법 (emotional should)
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| S + 제안,주장,결정 V + that + S + (should) + Root - - |
| 명령,요구,희망 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+

The doctor suggested that the patient (should) stop smoking.
He insisted that I (should) remain in bed.
I ask that I (should) be given time to consider the matter further.
She ordered that the room (should) be cleaned.
* The rule is that references be clear.

☞ 제안 : suggest, propose, move,ask,beg
주장 : insist, recommend,urge,argue,advise
결정 : decide, determine, resolve, stipulate
명령 : order, command, forbid,
요구 : demand, request, require
희망 : desire,intend, wish